Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Laboratory Tests
2.3. Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total number of patients with diabetes: 2873 (1295 Saudi and 1578 Egyptian). | ||
Saudi Patients (1295) | Egyptian Patients (1578) | |
Exclusion for age less than 20 years-old | 18 | 22 |
Exclusion for incomplete data | 35 | 50 |
Total Exclusion | 53 | 72 |
Number of patients that met inclusion criteria | 1242 | 1506 |
Characteristics (%) | Saudis [1242] | Egyptians [1506] | Total [2748] | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | n (%) | n (%) | n | |
Male | 522 (42.0) | 834 (55.4) | 1356 | 0.010 * |
Female | 720 (58.0) | 672 (44.6) | 1392 | |
Age (years) | ||||
Age (Mean ± SD) | 50.96 ± 17.53 | 57.13 ± 7.25 | ≤0.050 * | |
Age | n (%) | n (%) | n | |
20–30 | 135 (10.9) | 144 (9.6) | 279 | 0.000 * |
31–40 | 153 (12.3) | 150 (10.0) | 303 | |
41–50 | 441 (35.5) | 240 (16.0) | 681 | |
51–60 | 198 (15.9) | 420 (28.0) | 618 | |
61–70 | 180 (14.5) | 324 (21.6) | 504 | |
>70 | 135 (10.9) | 228 (15.1) | 363 | |
Duration of diabetes | ||||
<5 years | 243 (19.6) | 150 (10.0) | 393 | 0.000 * |
5–10 years | 297 (23.9) | 348 (23.1) | 645 | |
>10–20 years | 441 (35.5) | 408 (27.1) | 849 | |
>20 years | 261 (21.0) | 600 (39.8) | 861 | |
Smoking | ||||
Yes | 414 (33.3) | 468 (31.1) | 882 | 0.016 * |
No | 828 (66.7) | 1038 (68.9) | 1866 | |
Obesity | ||||
Yes | 792 (63.8) | 732 (48.6) | 1524 | 0.019 * |
No | 450 (36.2) | 774 (51.4) | 1224 | |
Following healthy diet | ||||
Yes | 378 (30.4) | 774 (51.4) | 1152 | 0.022 * |
No | 864 (69.6) | 732 (48.6) | 1596 | |
Physical activities and fitness | ||||
Yes | 459 (37.0) | 768 (51.0) | 1227 | 0.036 * |
No | 783 (63.0) | 738 (49.0) | 1521 | |
Effect of diabetes on work and activity | ||||
Yes | 909 (73.2) | 996 (66.1) | 1905 | 0.029 * |
No | 333 (26.8) | 510 (33.9) | 843 |
Characteristics Number = n | Saudis [1242] | Egyptians [1506] | Total [2748] | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment of DM | n (%) | n (%) | n | |
Insulin Injection | 414 (33.3) | 492 (32.7) | 906 | 0.028 * |
OHA only | 270 (21.7) | 474 (31.5) | 744 | |
DR only | 162 (13.1) | 84 (5.5) | 246 | |
OHA + DR | 396 (31.9) | 456 (30.3) | 852 | |
Impact of DM on liver diseases | ||||
Yes | 441 (35.5) | 354 (23.5) | 795 | 0.011 * |
No effect on liver diseases | 801 (64.5) | 1152 (76.5) | 1953 | |
Type of liverdiseases due to DM | ||||
High liver enzymes | 410 (33.0) | 624 (41.4) | 1034 | 0.047 * |
Liver fibrosis | 135 (10.9) | 200 (13.3) | 335 | |
Hepatomegaly with Ascites | 30 (2.4) | 100 (6.6) | 130 | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | 76 (6.1) | 207 (13.7) | 283 | |
Fatty liver (NAFLD) | 443 (35.7) | 425 (28.2) | 868 | |
Hepatic encephalopathy | 30 (2.4) | 105 (7.0) | 135 | |
No effect on liver diseases | 801 (64.5) | 1152 (76.5) | 1953 | |
Impact of liver diseases on DM | ||||
Yes | 576 (46.4) | 888 (59.0) | 1464 | 0.017 * |
No effect on DM | 666 (53.6) | 618 (41.0) | 1284 | |
Type of liver disease developing DM | ||||
Liver cirrhosis (HCV, HBV) | 99 (8.0) | 420 (27.9) | 519 | 0.000 * |
Fatty liver (NAFLD) | 198 (15.9) | 174 (11.6) | 372 | |
Obesity & chronic hepatic inflammation | 279 (22.5) | 294 (19.5) | 573 | |
No effect on DM | 666 (53.6) | 618 (41.0) | 1284 | |
Fasting Blood Sugar | ||||
Normal | 243 (19.6) | 528 (35.1) | 625 | 0.001 * |
High | 999 (80.4) | 978 (64.9) | 2123 | |
Postprandial Blood Sugar (after 2 h) | ||||
Normal | 153 (12.3) | 192 (12.7) | 345 | 0.759 |
High | 1089 (87.7) | 1314 (87.3) | 2403 | |
Hemoglobin (HbA1C) | ||||
<7% | 369 (29.7) | 288 (19.1) | 657 | 0.034 * |
7–10% | 594 (47.8) | 750 (49.8) | 1344 | |
>10% | 279 (22.5) | 468 (31.1) | 747 |
Characteristics (%) | Saudis [1242] | Egyptians [1506] | Total [2748] | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alanine transaminase (ALT) | % | % | n | |
Normal | 963 (77.5) | 996 (66.1) | 1959 | 0.019 * |
High | 279 (22.5) | 510 (33.9) | 789 | |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | ||||
Normal | 1035 (83.3) | 1092 (72.5) | 2127 | 0.016 * |
High | 207 (16.7) | 414 (27.5) | 621 | |
Direct Bilirubin | ||||
Normal | 1053 (84.8) | 1128 (74.9) | 2181 | 0.023 * |
High | 189 (15.2) | 378 (25.1) | 567 | |
Albumin | ||||
Normal | 945 (76.1) | 972 (64.5) | 1917 | 0.019 * |
Low | 297 (23.9) | 534 (35.5) | 831 | |
Hemoglobin | ||||
Normal | 954 (76.8) | 882 (58.6) | 1836 | 0.000 * |
Low | 288 (23.2) | 624 (41.4) | 912 | |
Cholesterol level | ||||
Normal | 252 (20.3) | 486 (32.3) | 738 | 0.012 * |
High | 990 (79.7) | 1020 (67.7) | 2010 | |
Triglyceride level | ||||
Normal | 261 (21.0) | 528 (35.1) | 789 | 0.004 * |
High | 981 (79.0) | 978 (64.9) | 1959 | |
LDL (low density lipoprotein) | ||||
Normal | 324 (26.1) | 600 (39.8) | 924 | 0.006 * |
High | 918 (73.9) | 906 (60.2) | 1824 | |
HDL (high density lipoprotein) | ||||
Normal | 315 (25.4) | 540 (35.9) | 855 | 0.034 * |
Low | 927 (74.6) | 966 (64.1) | 1893 | |
PT (prothrombin time) | ||||
Normal | 1008 (81.2) | 1068 (70.9) | 2076 | 0.026 * |
High | 234 (18.8) | 438 (29.1) | 672 | |
INR | ||||
Normal | 990 (79.7) | 1056 (70.1) | 2046 | 0.040 * |
High | 252 (20.3) | 450 (29.9) | 720 |
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Mahmoud, M.R.; Ibrahim, S.; Shahien, M.M.; Alshammari, A.D.; Alenazi, F.S.; Alreshidi, F.; Aljadani, A.; Abdel Khalik, A.; Elhaj, A.H.; Khalifa, A.M.; et al. Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients. Healthcare 2025, 13, 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040376
Mahmoud MR, Ibrahim S, Shahien MM, Alshammari AD, Alenazi FS, Alreshidi F, Aljadani A, Abdel Khalik A, Elhaj AH, Khalifa AM, et al. Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients. Healthcare. 2025; 13(4):376. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040376
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmoud, Madiha R., Somia Ibrahim, Mona M. Shahien, Amal Daher Alshammari, Fahaad S. Alenazi, Fayez Alreshidi, Ahmed Aljadani, Ashraf Abdel Khalik, Abeer H. Elhaj, Amany M. Khalifa, and et al. 2025. "Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients" Healthcare 13, no. 4: 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040376
APA StyleMahmoud, M. R., Ibrahim, S., Shahien, M. M., Alshammari, A. D., Alenazi, F. S., Alreshidi, F., Aljadani, A., Abdel Khalik, A., Elhaj, A. H., Khalifa, A. M., Alreshidi, H. F., El-Horany, H. E.-S., Said, K. B., Abdallah, M. H., & Metwaly, A. A. (2025). Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients. Healthcare, 13(4), 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040376