Exploring the Readiness of Critical Care in Implementing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Hail Hospitals, Saudi Arabia: Findings for Acute Kidney Injury Patient Care Improvement
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting and Sample
2.3. Data Collection Tools
2.4. Ethical Consideration
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic of the Participating CCNs
3.2. CRRT Practice Patterns and CRRT Mode Used Among CCNs
3.3. Levels of CCNs’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scores Toward CRRT
3.4. CCNs’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Based on Sociodemographic and Work-Related Characteristics
3.5. Factors Affecting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward CRRT Among CCNs
4. Discussion
4.1. Knowledge of CRRT
4.2. Attitudes Toward CRRT
4.3. Practices in CRRT Management
4.4. Contextual Factors in Saudi Arabia
4.4.1. Implications for Practice and Policy
4.4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Count | (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Year) | ≤32 | 99 | (52.1) |
>32 | 91 | (47.9) | |
Sex | Male | 132 | (69.5) |
Female | 58 | (30.5) | |
Nationality | Saudi | 144 | (75.8) |
Non-Saudi | 46 | (24.2) | |
Experience (year) | ≤7 | 107 | (56.3) |
>7 | 83 | (43.7) | |
Qualification | Diploma | 17 | (8.9) |
Bachelor | 155 | (81.6) | |
Master | 18 | (9.5) | |
Hospital Department | Intensive Care Unit | 67 | (35.3) |
Emergency department (ER) | 43 | (22.6) | |
Critical care unit (CCU) | 38 | (20.0) | |
Artificial Kidney Unit (AKU) | 42 | (22.1) | |
Job position | Charge nurse | 50 | (26.3) |
Staff nurse | 129 | (67.9) | |
Head nurse, supervisor | 11 | (5.8) | |
Patient-to-nurse ratio | 1:1 | 28 | 14.8 |
1:2 | 72 | 37.9 | |
1:3 | 39 | 20.5 | |
1:4 | 51 | 26.8 | |
Shift hours | 8 h | 74 | (38.9) |
12 h | 116 | (61.1) | |
Extra work outside | Yes | 23 | (12.1) |
No | 167 | (87.9) |
Variable | Count | (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of tubing blockage during CRRT | No attention | 9 | (4.7) |
Never seen before | 84 | (44.2) | |
Sometimes | 76 | (40.0) | |
Frequent | 21 | (11.1) | |
The CRRT mode you most frequently use | CVVH | 20 | (10.5) |
CVVHD | 27 | (14.2) | |
CVVHDF | 124 | (65.3) | |
SCUF | 19 | (10.0) |
Variables | Knowledge | Attitudes | Practices | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | rs | 1 | ||
p | ||||
Attitudes | rs | 0.230 ** | 1 | |
p | <0.001 | |||
Practices | rs | 0.192 ** | 0.419 ** | 1 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Variables | N | Knowledge | Attitude | Practice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Year) | Median IQR | p Value | Median IQR | p Value | Median IQR | p Value | ||
Age (Year) T | ≤32 | 99 | 47 (38–50) | 0.064 | 58 (52–61) | 0.840 | 8 (4–9) | <0.001 * |
>32 | 91 | 48 (48–49) | 58 (58–58) | 10 (5–10) | ||||
Sex T | Male | 132 | 48 (42–49) | 0.725 | 58 (56–59) | 0.270 | 9 (4–10) | 0.276 |
Female | 58 | 48 (43–50) | 58 (54–59) | 8 (4–10) | ||||
Nationality T | Saudi | 144 | 48 (41–49) | 0.108 | 58 (56–59) | 0.271 | 9 (9–10) | 0.435 |
Non-Saudi | 46 | 49 (46–51) | 58 (55–58) | 8 (2–10) | ||||
Experience (year) T | ≤7 | 107 | 47 (37–49) | <0.001 * | 58 (48–61) | 0.191 | 8 (8–10) | <0.001 * |
>7 | 83 | 49 (48–49) | 58 (58–58) | 10 (6–10) | ||||
Shift hours | 8 h | 74 | 46 (38–49) | <0.001 * | 58 (48–59) | 0.437 | 8 (4–10) | 0.035 * |
12 h | 116 | 49 (48–50) | 58 (57–58) | 10 (5–10) | ||||
Extra work outside T | Yes | 23 | 46 (38–51) | 0.295 | 58 (52–60) | 0.952 | 7 (7–9) | 0.035 * |
No | 167 | 48 (44–49) | 58 (56–59) | 9 (5–10) | ||||
Qualification F | Diploma | 17 | 37 (24–59) | 0.001 * | 45 (29–73) | 0.035 * | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 * |
Bachelor | 155 | 48 (47–49) | 58 (57–59) | 10 (7–10) | ||||
Master | 18 | 39 (13–47) | 51 (26–63) | 5 (0–7) | ||||
Hospital Department F | ICU | 67 | 49 (46–51) | <0.001 * | 58 (56–60) | 0.029 * | 8 (6–10) | 0.546 |
ER | 43 | 48 (41–49) | 58 (53–59) | 9 (2–10) | ||||
CCU | 38 | 49 (48–51) | 58 (58–65) | 10 (0–10) | ||||
AKU | 42 | 48 (34–48) | 58 (48–58) | 9 (2–10)) | ||||
Job position F | Charge nurse | 50 | 43 (28–52) | 0.069 | 56 (45–61) | 0.104 | 6 (0–8) | <0.001 * |
Staff nurse | 129 | 48 (48–49) | 58 (58–58) | 10 (7–10) | ||||
Head nurse, supervisor | 11 | 46 (26–49) | 57 (57–59) | 6 (3–9) | ||||
Patient-to-nurse ratio F | 1:1 | 28 | 48 (46–49) | 0.001 * | 58 (53–58) | 0.176 | 10 (7–10) | 0.041 * |
1:2 | 72 | 49 (46–52) | 58 (56–63) | 8 (5–10) | ||||
1:3 | 39 | 48 (38–49) | 58 (56–58) | 10 (0–10) | ||||
1:4 | 51 | 47 (36–49) | 58 (52–59) | 9 (3–10) | ||||
The CRRT mode you most frequently use F | CVVH | 20 | 38 (13–47) | <0.001 * | 52 (15–58) | <0.001 * | 4 (0–9) | <0.001 * |
CVVHD | 27 | 42 (24–48) | 54 (45–61) | 8 (2–9) | ||||
CVVHDF | 124 | 49 (48–49) | 58 (58–59) | 10 (7–10) | ||||
SCUF | 19 | 38 (33–59) | 48 (45–73) | 0 (0–8) |
Factors | Knowledge | Attitudes | Practice | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | CI (95%) | p-Value | β | CI (95%) | p-Value | β | CI (95%) | p-Value | ||
Age | −0.204 | −0.461–0.053 | 0.119 | |||||||
Experience (year) | 0.476 | 0.084–0.869 | 0.018 | 0.218 | −0.088–0.523 | 0.162 | ||||
Shift hours | 8 h | Reference | Reference | |||||||
12 h | −0.425 | −4.794–3.943 | 0.848 | 0.694 | −0.588–1.976 | 0.287 | ||||
Extra work outside | Yes | |||||||||
No | 0.369 | −1.128–1.866 | 0.627 | |||||||
Qualification | Diploma | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Bachelor | 1.709 | −4.382–7.800 | 0.581 | 7.916 | 1.596–14.236 | 0.014 | 4.639 | 2.432–6.846 | <0.001 | |
Master | −4.350 | −11.691–2.991 | 0.244 | 0.106 | −7.421–7.633 | 0.978 | 2.385 | −0.110–4.880 | 0.061 | |
Hospital Department | ICU | Reference | Reference | |||||||
ER | −0.723 | −4.706–3.261 | 0.721 | −0.151 | −4.029–3.728 | 0.939 | ||||
CCU | 1.081 | −2.957–5.118 | 0.598 | 3.358 | −0.664–7.380 | 0.101 | ||||
AKU | −1.489 | −6.695–3.716 | 0.573 | −0.418 | −4.367–3.531 | 0.835 | ||||
Job position | Charge nurse | |||||||||
Staff nurse | 1.143 | −0.081–2.366 | 0.067 | |||||||
Head nurse, supervisor | 0.732 | −1.617–3.081 | 0.539 | |||||||
Patient-to-nurse ratio | 1:1 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
1:2 | 4.129 | 0.327–7.932 | 0.033 | −0.984 | −2.254–0.285 | 0.128 | ||||
1:3 | 2.264 | −2.146–6.673 | 0.312 | −0.573 | −1.993–0.848 | 0.427 | ||||
1:4 | 2.871 | −2.352–8.094 | 0.279 | 1.055 | −0.723–2.833 | 0.243 | ||||
The CRRT mode you most frequently use | CVVH | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
CVVHD | 4.630 | −1.084–10.345 | 0.112 | 7.599 | 1.705–13.492 | 0.012 | 2.004 | 0.099–3.909 | 0.039 | |
CVVHDF | 11.699 | 6.334–17.065 | <0.001 | 12.242 | 7.077–17.407 | <0.001 | 2.704 | 0.838–4.569 | 0.005 | |
SCUF | 7.325 | 0.394–14.257 | 0.038 | 12.191 | 5.182–19.201 | 0.001 | 0.969 | −1.464–3.401 | 0.433 |
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Alkubati, S.A.; Alfaraaj, A.A.; Almoliky, M.A.; Alsaqri, S.H.; Saleh, K.A.; Siam, B.G. Exploring the Readiness of Critical Care in Implementing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Hail Hospitals, Saudi Arabia: Findings for Acute Kidney Injury Patient Care Improvement. Healthcare 2025, 13, 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182320
Alkubati SA, Alfaraaj AA, Almoliky MA, Alsaqri SH, Saleh KA, Siam BG. Exploring the Readiness of Critical Care in Implementing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Hail Hospitals, Saudi Arabia: Findings for Acute Kidney Injury Patient Care Improvement. Healthcare. 2025; 13(18):2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182320
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkubati, Sameer A., Abdulaziz A. Alfaraaj, Mokhtar A. Almoliky, Salman H. Alsaqri, Khalil A. Saleh, and Bahia Galal Siam. 2025. "Exploring the Readiness of Critical Care in Implementing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Hail Hospitals, Saudi Arabia: Findings for Acute Kidney Injury Patient Care Improvement" Healthcare 13, no. 18: 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182320
APA StyleAlkubati, S. A., Alfaraaj, A. A., Almoliky, M. A., Alsaqri, S. H., Saleh, K. A., & Siam, B. G. (2025). Exploring the Readiness of Critical Care in Implementing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Hail Hospitals, Saudi Arabia: Findings for Acute Kidney Injury Patient Care Improvement. Healthcare, 13(18), 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182320