The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oral Function, Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants According to Oral Function Problems
3.2. Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Oral Function Problems
3.3. Odds Ratios for the Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Risk and Oral Function Problems
3.4. Stratified Analysis Based on Socioeconomic Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CI | Confidence Interval |
CPAP | Continuous Positive Airway Pressure |
DM | Diabetes Mellitus |
HT | Hypertension |
KCDC | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
KNHANES | Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
OR | Odds Ratio |
OSA | Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
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Characteristics | Chewing Discomfort | Speaking Discomfort | Dental Pain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | |
(n = 6349) | (n = 1359) | (n = 4990) | (n = 443) | (n = 5906) | (n = 1852) | (n = 4497) | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 2522 (39.7) | 622 (9.8) | 1900 (29.9) | 214 (3.4) | 2308 (36.3) | 774 (12.2) | 1748 (27.5) |
Female | 3827 (60.3) | 737 (11.6) | 3090 (48.7) | 229 (3.6) | 3598 (56.7) | 1078 (17.0) | 2749 (43.3) |
Age | |||||||
40s | 1345 (21.2) | 142 (2.2) | 1203 (19.0) | 21 (0.3) | 1324 (20.9) | 401 (6.3) | 944 (14.9) |
50s | 1528 (24.1) | 243 (3.8) | 1285 (20.2) | 69 (1.1) | 1459 (23.0) | 456 (7.2) | 1072 (16.9) |
60s | 1895 (29.8) | 449 (7.1) | 1446 (22.8) | 137 (2.2) | 1758 (27.7) | 569 (9.0) | 1326 (20.9) |
≥70s | 1581 (24.9) | 525 (8.3) | 1056 (16.6) | 216 (3.4) | 1365 (21.5) | 426 (6.7) | 1155 (18.2) |
Residence | |||||||
Rural | 4838 (76.2) | 958 (15.1) | 3880 (61.1) | 297 (4.7) | 4541 (71.5) | 1377 (21.7) | 3461 (54.5) |
Urban | 1511 (23.8) | 401 (6.3) | 1110 (17.5) | 146 (2.3) | 1365 (21.5) | 475 (7.5) | 1036 (16.3) |
Occupation | |||||||
White Color | 1256 (19.8) | 146 (2.3) | 1110 (17.5) | 25 (0.4) | 1231 (19.4) | 330 (5.2) | 926 (14.6) |
Blue Color | 2471 (38.9) | 553 (8.7) | 1918 (30.2) | 174 (2.7) | 2297 (36.2) | 759 (12.0) | 1712 (27.0) |
No Occupation | 2622 (41.3) | 660 (10.4) | 1962 (30.9) | 244 (3.8) | 2378 (37.4) | 763 (12.0) | 1859 (29.3) |
Education Level | |||||||
very low | 1422 (22.4) | 507 (8.0) | 915 (14.4) | 203 (3.2) | 1219 (19.2) | 421 (6.6) | 1001 (15.8) |
low | 765 (12.0) | 209 (3.3) | 556 (8.7) | 78 (1.2) | 687 (10.8) | 241 (3.8) | 524 (8.2) |
moderate | 2071 (32.6) | 387 (6.1) | 1684 (26.5) | 115 (1.8) | 1956 (30.8) | 606 (9.5) | 1465 (23.1) |
high | 2091 (32.9) | 256 (4.0) | 1835 (28.9) | 47 (0.7) | 2044 (32.2) | 584 (9.2) | 1507 (23.7) |
House Income | |||||||
Q1 | 1477 (23.2) | 531 (8.4) | 946 (14.9) | 218 (3.4) | 1259 (19.8) | 470 (7.4) | 1007 (15.9) |
Q2 | 1599 (25.2) | 357 (5.6) | 1242 (19.6) | 126 (2.0) | 1473 (23.2) | 477 (7.5) | 1122 (17.7) |
Q3 | 1575 (24.8) | 257 (4.0) | 1318 (20.8) | 70 (1.1) | 1505 (23.7) | 461 (7.3) | 1114 (17.6) |
Q4 | 1698 (26.8) | 214 (3.4) | 1484 (23.4) | 29 (0.5) | 1669 (26.3) | 444 (7.0) | 1254 (19.8) |
Drinking | |||||||
No | 2207 (34.7) | 560 (8.8) | 1647 (25.9) | 205 (3.2) | 2002 (31.5) | 630 (9.9) | 1577 (24.8) |
Yes | 4142 (65.3) | 799 (12.6) | 3343 (52.7) | 238 (3.8) | 3904 (61.5) | 1222 (19.2) | 2920 (46.0) |
Smoking | |||||||
Never | 3986 (62.8) | 744 (11.7) | 3242 (51.1) | 223 (3.5) | 3761 (59.3) | 1081 (17.0) | 2905 (45.8) |
Past | 1503 (23.7) | 362 (5.7) | 1141 (18.0) | 121 (1.9) | 1382 (21.8) | 469 (7.4) | 1034 (16.3) |
Current | 860 (13.5) | 253 (4.0) | 607 (9.5) | 99 (1.6) | 760 (12.0) | 302 (4.8) | 558 (8.8) |
BMI 1 (kg/m2) | |||||||
Underweight (<18.4) | 221 (3.5) | 49 (0.8) | 172 (2.7) | 22 (0.3) | 199 (3.1) | 65 (1.0) | 156 (2.5) |
Normal (18.5–22.9) | 2466 (38.8) | 517 (8.1) | 1949 (30.7) | 173 (2.7) | 2293 (36.1) | 724 (11.4) | 1742 (27.4) |
Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 1643 (25.9) | 338 (5.3) | 1305 (20.6) | 104 (1.6) | 1539 (24.3) | 447 (7.0) | 1196 (18.8) |
Obesity (≥25) | 2019 (31.8) | 455 (7.2) | 1564 (24.6) | 144 (2.3) | 1875 (29.5) | 616 (9.7) | 1403 (22.1) |
Sleeping Duration | |||||||
≤6 h | 1168 (18.4) | 330 (5.2) | 838 (13.2) | 120 (1.9) | 1048 (16.5) | 371 (5.8) | 797 (12.6) |
6–7 h | 1686 (26.6) | 350 (5.5) | 1336 (21.1) | 101 (1.6) | 1585 (25.0) | 502 (7.9) | 1184 (18.7) |
7–9 h | 3200 (50.4) | 606 (9.5) | 2594 (40.8) | 187 (2.9) | 3013 (47.4) | 893 (14.1) | 2307 (36.3) |
≥9 h | 295 (4.6) | 73 (1.2) | 222 (3.5) | 35 (0.6) | 260 (4.1) | 86 (1.4) | 209 (3.3) |
HTN 2 | |||||||
Yes | 2158 (34.0) | 565 (8.9) | 1593 (25.1) | 194 (3.1) | 1964 (30.9) | 623 (9.8) | 1535 (24.2) |
No | 4191 (66.0) | 794 (12.5) | 3397 (53.5) | 249 (3.9) | 3942 (62.1) | 1229 (19.4) | 2962 (46.7) |
DM 3 | |||||||
Yes | 886 (13.9) | 254 (4.0) | 632 (9.9) | 87 (1.4) | 799 (12.6) | 270 (4.3) | 616 (9.7) |
No | 5463 (86.1) | 1105 (17.4) | 4358 (68.6) | 356 (5.6) | 5107 (80.4) | 1582 (24.9) | 3881 (61.1) |
Variables | Chewing Discomfort | Speaking Discomfort | Dental Pain | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | x2 | Yes (%) | No (%) | x2 | Yes (%) | No (%) | x2 | |
(n = 6349) | (n = 1359) | (n = 4990) | (n = 443) | (n = 5906) | (n = 1852) | (n = 4497) | ||||
OSA 1 | ||||||||||
Low Risk | 4126 (65.0) | 743 (11.7) | 3383 (53.3) | 74.972 *** | 226 (3.6) | 3900 (61.4) | 38.972 *** | 1149 (18.1) | 2977 (46.9) | 10.178 ** |
High Risk | 2223 (35.0) | 616 (9.7) | 1607 (25.3) | 217 (3.4) | 2006 (31.6) | 703 (11.1) | 1520 (23.9) |
Variables | Oral Health | ||
---|---|---|---|
Chewing Discomfort | Speaking Discomfort | Dental Pain | |
OR (95% CI2) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
OSA 1 | |||
Low Risk | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High Risk | 1.365 (1.121–1.662) ** | 1.534 (1.126–2.082) ** | 1.198 (1.006–1.431) * |
Gender | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.025 (0.813–1.292) | 1.077 (0.744–1.554) | 1.226 (0.988–1.514) |
Age | |||
40s | 1 | 1 | 1 |
50s | 1.290 (1.006–1.657) * | 1.862 (1.086–3.247) *** | 0.988 (0.810–1.202) |
60s | 1.673 (1.274–2.197) *** | 1.876 (1.094–3.177) *** | 0.885 (0.714–1.095) |
≥70s | 2.016 (1.470–2.766) *** | 2.815 (1.535–5.202) ** | 0.673 (0.494–0.901) ** |
Residence | |||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Urban | 1.097 (0.900–1.336) | 1.172 (0.883–1.556) | 1.116 (0.866–1.437) |
Occupation | |||
White Color | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Blue Color | 1.116 (0.848–1.470) | 1.216 (0.779–2.224) | 1.248 (1.031–1.509) * |
No Occupation | 1.036 (0.789–1.360) | 1.314 (0.716–2.061) | 1.128 (0.927–1.373) |
Education Level | |||
Very Low | 2.078 (1.595–2.707) *** | 3.308 (1.884–4.905) *** | 0.878 (0.682–1.129) |
Low | 1.559 (1.178–2.062) ** | 2.785 (1.705–4.556) *** | 1.009 (0.776–1.312) |
Moderate | 1.261 (1.028–1.547) * | 2.033 (1.320–3.133) ** | 0.905 (0.756–1.083) |
High | 1 | 1 | 1 |
House Income | |||
Q1 | 1.942 (1.510–2.496) *** | 3.308 (2.066–5.310) *** | 1.477 (1.177–1.855) ** |
Q2 | 1.321 (1.053–1.657) * | 2.211 (1.382–3.533) ** | 1.169 (0.965–1.417) |
Q3 | 1.104 (0.880–1.386) | 1.668 (1.046–2.656) * | 1.155 (0.967–1.379) |
Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Drinking | |||
No | 0.907 (0.754–1.092) | 0.844 (0.654–1.089) | 1.014 (0.893–1.151) |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Past | 1.489 (1.173–1.890) ** | 1.680 (1.154–2.433) ** | 1.561 (1.277–1.909) *** |
Current | 2.227 (1.720–2.882) *** | 2.903 (1.957–4.308) *** | 1.507 (1.194–1.901) ** |
BMI 3 (kg/m2) | |||
Underweight (<18.4) | 0.819 (0.549–1.222) | 1.300 (0.741–2.272) | 1.000 (0.679–1.471) |
Normal (18.5–22.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 0.866 (0.717–1.047) | 0.906 (0.660–1.243) | 0.914 (0.774–1.080) |
Obesity (≥25) | 1.002 (0.832–1.205) | 1.003 (0.735–1.376) | 1.042 (0.891–1.271) |
Sleeping Duration | |||
≤6 h | 1.282 (1.067–1.540) ** | 1.271 (0.978–1.637) | 1.085 (0.909–1.294) |
6–7 h | 1.178 (0.988–1.405) | 1.008 (0.763–1.321) | 1.104 (0.953–1.280) |
7–9 h | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥9 h | 0.955 (0.686–1.331) | 1.153 (0.731–1.799) | 0.863 (0.618–1.206) |
HTN 4 | |||
Yes | 0.741 (0.619–0.888) ** | 0.606 (0.455–0.807) ** | 0.898 (0.756–1.067) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
DM 5 | |||
Yes | 1.173 (0.957–1.438) | 1.107 (0.814–1.505) | 1.059 (0.871–1.289) |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Woo, K.; Lee, J.; Jung, C.-E.; Park, J.; Choy, Y. The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oral Function, Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111323
Woo K, Lee J, Jung C-E, Park J, Choy Y. The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oral Function, Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Healthcare. 2025; 13(11):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111323
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoo, Keon, Junghoon Lee, Chae-Eun Jung, Jungwon Park, and Yoonsoo Choy. 2025. "The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oral Function, Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data" Healthcare 13, no. 11: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111323
APA StyleWoo, K., Lee, J., Jung, C.-E., Park, J., & Choy, Y. (2025). The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oral Function, Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Healthcare, 13(11), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111323