Inguinoscrotal Hernia, a Possible Cause of Rapidly Developing Fetal Scrotal Mass: Case Report and Literature Update
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Report
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Sample Size | N° | GA at Diagnosis (W) | Side | Bowel Peristalsis | Size (cm) | Blood Flow Signal | US Findings | Bowel Abdominal Dilatation | Fetal Comorbidities | MRI Findings | Treatment | Mode of Delivery | GA at Birth (W) | Postnatal Treatment | Post-Operative Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[3] | 2 | 1 | 39 | Right | Present and bidirectional | 4.6 × 3.5 × 3 | Present | Mass with nonhomogeneous echotexture, predominantly solid, with few small echo-free cystic areas | Present (16 mm) | N | Signal intensity similar to SB that extended from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum | CS the day after for suspicion of intestinal obstruction and incarcerated hernia (bidirectional bowel peristalsis within the scrotum) | Urgent CS (prevention of strangulation) | 39 | Surgical correction at 8 M | U |
2 | 36 | Right | Present | ND | Present | Enlarged scrotum with an echogenic mass inside | ND | N | Scrotum filled with SB which presented as hyperintense | ND | VD | 38 | Surgical correction at 1 M | U | ||
[4] | 1 | 3 | 37 | Right | Present | 2.9 × 1.7 | ND | Heterogeneous echotexture. Displacement of homolateral testis. Irregular contours of the scrotum due to movements of intrascrotal echoes | ND | N | N | ND | VD | 39 | Spontaneous regression after birth | - |
[5] | 1 | 4 | 31 | Right | Present | ND | ND | Evidence of bowel loops within the scrotum | Present (13–17 mm) | CAVB, low anorectal malformation with a perineal fistula, bowel dilatation, mild polyhydramnios | N | US FU | Urgent CS (fetal Doppler abnormalities) | 34 | Surgical correction at 6 M | ND |
[6] | 1 | 5 | 33 | Left | Present | ND | ND | Hyperechogenic scrotal mass. Sagittal view showed herniation of the bowel through the ventral abdominal wall into the scrotum | ND | Spondylocostal dysostosis (Jarcho–Levin syndrome) | N | ND | VD | 40 | Died on day 3 due to RDS | - |
[7] | 1 | 6 | 35 | Right | Present (noted at II examination) | 5.5 | Present | Heterogeneous scrotal mass containing echogenic areas | Absent | Mild bilateral pyelectasis | N | US FU | VD | 40 | Surgical correction at 4 D | U |
[8] | 1 | 7 | 21 | Right | Present (noted 2 W after I examination) | 21 W → 3.3 × 3.0 36 W → 4.1 × 4.7 × 4.8 | Absent | Mass with complex echogenicity, predominantly solid with scattered small echo-free/cystic components. Homolateral testis not identified, contralateral testis displaced peripherally | Absent | N | N | US FU | CS (non-reassuring FHR on CTG) | 37 | Surgical correction after birth | U |
[9] | 1 | 8 | 34 | Left | Present | 34 W → 3.6 × 3.0 37 W → 4.8 × 3.2 | ND | Complex mass with peristalsis; homolateral testis not identified | Present (bowel dilated and filled with echogenic meconium) | Cystic fibrosis | N | US FU | VD | ND | Surgical correction at 3 W | U |
[10] | 1 | 9 | 34 | Right | Absent | 3.2 × 2.7 | Absent | Nonhomogeneous echogenicity, homolateral testis not clearly identified. Contralateral testis displaced peripherally | Absent | N | N | ND | CS (pPROM) | 36 | Surgical correction at 3 D | U |
[11] | 1 | 10 | 36 | Right | Present (noted at II examination performed the day after) | 36 W → 4.6 × 5.1 × 5.3 39 W → 6.7 × 5.5 × 5.1 | Absent | Homolateral testis not identified; contralateral testis displaced peripherally. Mass with complex echogenicity, predominantly solid with scattered small echo-free components | Present. Single dilated loop of SB measuring 5.5 × 3.0 × 3.2 cm was noted at 39 W within the fetal abdomen | N | N | Weekly US FU | VD | ND | Surgical correction at 13 D | Development of a large reducible left-sided indirect inguinal hernia, which was operated on at 28 D |
[12] | 1 | 11 | 30 | Right | Present | 4.2 | ND | Mass with mixed echostructure, with small fluid filled cystic spaces | ND | IUGR polyhydramnios, Trisomy 18, (omphalocele, clubfeet, clenched hands, large atrioventricular septal defect with a common atrioventricular valve) | N | US follow up (4 W after) | VD | 37 | Died 3 h after birth | - |
[13] | 1 | 12 | 33 | Right | Present | ND | ND | Appearance of right scrotal tumor | Absent | IUGR, polyhydramnios Trisomy 18 (ventricular septal defect, an omphalocele, brachycephaly, bilateral clubfeet and hand abnormalities with crossed fingers, micropenis) | N | ND | VD | 35 | Died within 1 h | - |
[14] | 1 | 13 | 36 | Left | Absent | 4.2 × 5 × 3.8 | Present | Solid mass, predominantly echogenic without a cyst. Homolateral testis not identified; the contralateral displaced laterally | Absent | Various left foot deformities | Signal intensity similar; SB on both longitudinal and transverse relaxation time-weighted imaging | ND | CS | 37 | Died at 5 D (multiple joint contractures and failure to thrive) | - |
[15] | 2 | 14 | 36 | Bilateral | Present | 4.2 × 3.0 | Present | Bilateral scrotal masses, visualization of bowel peristalsis | Absent | Mild polyhydramnios | N | ND | VD | 38 | Operated 1 M | U |
15 | 24 | ND | Present | ND | ND | Swollen, enlarged scrotum with an echogenic mass inside the scrotum | ND | N | N | ND | ND | ND | Operated at 1 M | U | ||
[16] | 1 | 16 | 37 | Right | Present (noted at II examination performed 1 W later) | 5.0 × 4.6 | Present | Echogenic mass, mixed echostructure and regular walls, containing a few small echo-free cystic areas. Hydrocele in the contralateral side | Absent | N | N | US FU | CS (breech presentation) | 38 | Operated at 10 D | U |
[17] | 1 | 17 | 39 | Right | Present | 4 | Present | Complex, solid-appearing mass. Normal contralateral testis | ND | N | N | ND | VD | ND | Surgical repair of hernia and excision of contralateral torsed testis in the neonatal period | ND |
[18] | 1 | 18 | 33 | Left | Present | 6.5 × 5.6 × 6.4 | ND | Moving, echo-free, cyst-like structures in an enlarged scrotum | Absent | N | N | US FU (2 W intervals) | VD | 40 | Operated at 4 D | ND |
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Montironi, R.; Giannubilo, S.R.; Cappanera, I.; Battistoni, G.I.; Mancinelli, R.; Ciavattini, A. Inguinoscrotal Hernia, a Possible Cause of Rapidly Developing Fetal Scrotal Mass: Case Report and Literature Update. Healthcare 2024, 12, 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050583
Montironi R, Giannubilo SR, Cappanera I, Battistoni GI, Mancinelli R, Ciavattini A. Inguinoscrotal Hernia, a Possible Cause of Rapidly Developing Fetal Scrotal Mass: Case Report and Literature Update. Healthcare. 2024; 12(5):583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050583
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontironi, Ramona, Stefano Raffaele Giannubilo, Irene Cappanera, Giovanna Irene Battistoni, Romina Mancinelli, and Andrea Ciavattini. 2024. "Inguinoscrotal Hernia, a Possible Cause of Rapidly Developing Fetal Scrotal Mass: Case Report and Literature Update" Healthcare 12, no. 5: 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050583
APA StyleMontironi, R., Giannubilo, S. R., Cappanera, I., Battistoni, G. I., Mancinelli, R., & Ciavattini, A. (2024). Inguinoscrotal Hernia, a Possible Cause of Rapidly Developing Fetal Scrotal Mass: Case Report and Literature Update. Healthcare, 12(5), 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050583