Infant-Directed Speech to Preterm Infants during the First Year Postpartum: The Influence of Preterm Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Data
2.4.2. Maternal Parenting Stress
2.4.3. Infant Mental and Psychomotor Development
2.4.4. Infant-Directed Speech
- Word tokens, which represent the total number of words produced.
- Word types, which represent the total number of different words produced.
- Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), a measure of syntactic complexity, calculated as the ratio of words to utterances.
- Affect-salient speech, including utterances intended to sustain the conversation, such as greetings, words of encouragement, or singing.
- Information-salient speech, regarding utterances aimed at conveying information, either by providing or seeking it. It includes four subcategories: questions, labeling, descriptions, and directives.
- Attention-getter utterances, including utterances designed to capture the infant’s attention, such as calling the infant by their name.
- Other: incomplete or unintelligible utterances, as well as maternal speech not directed towards the infant.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Maternal Parenting Stress at 3 and 9 Months
3.3. Stability and Changes in IDS Features at 3 and 9 Months
3.4. The Influence of Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress on IDS Characteristics at 3 Months
3.5. The Influence of Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress on IDS Characteristics at 9 Months
4. Discussion
4.1. Maternal Parenting Stress at 3 and 9 Months
4.2. Stability and Changes in IDS Features at 3 and 9 Months
4.3. The Influence of Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress on IDS at 3 Months
4.4. The Influence of Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress on IDS at 9 Months
4.5. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FT (N = 40) | VLBW (N = 30) | ELBW (N = 30) | F/X2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal variables | Age | 33.8 (4.77) | 36.2 (5.17) | 34.8 (4.66) | 2.09 | 0.129 |
Years of education | 14.9 (2.97) | 13.4 (2.50) | 12.4 (3.49) | 6.12 | 0.003 ** | |
Marital status a | 2.59 | 0.274 | ||||
Married/cohabit | 34 (85) | 29 (96) | 27 (90) | |||
Other | 6 (15) | 1 (4) | 3 (10) | |||
Parity a | 15.1 | <0.001 *** | ||||
Nulliparous | 39 (98) | 19 (63) | 26 (86) | |||
Multiparous | 1 (2) | 11 (37) | 4 (14) | |||
Working condition a | 2.13 | 0.345 | ||||
Employed | 37 (93) | 25 (83) | 28 (93) | |||
Unemployed | 3 (7) | 5 (17) | 2 (7) | |||
Infant variables | Gestational age at birth (in weeks) | 40.0 (1.79) | 29.2 (2.55) | 26.9 (1.71) | 425 | <0.001 *** |
Birth weight (in grams) | 3445 (438) | 1241 (148) | 840 (150) | 780 | <0.001 *** | |
Hospitalization days | 2.15 (0.36) | 35.7 (11.7) | 63.6 (16.1) | 279 | <0.001 *** | |
Infant’s mean age at T1 b | 3.00 (0.25) | 3.05 (0.18) | 3.09 (0.21) | 1.65 | 0.197 | |
GMDS-R total score at T1 c | 114 (8.54) | 108 (8.05) | 107 (8.88) | 7.80 | <0.001 *** | |
Infant’s mean age at T2 b | 9.5 (0.25) | 8.9 (0.31) | 9.0 (0.23) | 61.3 | <0.001 *** | |
GMDS-R total score at T2 c | 103 (9.27) | 99 (9.11) | 100 (7.58) | 2.63 | 0.077 |
T1 | T2 | Between Effect | Within Effect | Interaction | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT (N = 40) | VLBW (N = 30) | ELBW (N = 30) | FT (N = 40) | VLBW (N = 30) | ELBW (N = 30) | F (2, 97) | p | F (1, 97) | p | F (2, 97) | p | |
PSI-SF Total Scores | 61.8 (15.5) | 63.5 (19.1) | 62.2 (14.6) | 62.3 (14.2) | 61.4 (24.2) | 57.9 (11.5) | 0.20 | 0.819 | 2.33 | 0.130 | 1.19 | 0.307 |
Birth Weight | Time of Assessment | T1 | T2 | Between Effect b | Within Effect c | Interaction | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FT | VLBW | ELBW | T1 | T2 | FT (N = 40) | VLBW (N = 30) | ELBW (N = 30) | FT (N = 40) | VLBW (N = 30) | ELBW (N = 30) | F (2, 97) | p | F (1, 97) | p | F (2, 97) | p | |
Lexical and syntactic characteristics of maternal IDS | |||||||||||||||||
Word tokens | 219 (9.47) | 191 (10.9) | 208 (10.9) | 228 (7.44) | 184 (6.23) | 243 (57.1) | 208 (91.8) | 234 (73.4) | 195 (52.5) | 175 (60.2) | 182 (73.6) | 0.30 | 0.739 | 0.55 | 0.459 | 0.48 | 0.621 |
Word types | 88.7 (3.21) | 76.6 (3.71) | 77.9 (3.71) | 85.8 (2.45) | 76.4 (2.20) | 95 (21.9) | 77.4 (24.1) | 85 (27.2) | 82.5 (21.5) | 75.9 (20.8) | 70.8 (23) | 0.17 | 0.842 | 0.82 | 0.369 | 1.71 | 0.187 |
MLU | 3.15 (0.08) | 2.95 (0.09) | 2.92 (0.09) | 3.04 (0.06) | 2.98 (0.05) | 3.14 (0.66) | 2.96 (0.59) | 3.01 (0.57) | 3.16 (0.51) | 2.95 (0.57) | 2.83 (0.64) | 0.75 | 0.389 | 2.40 | 0.096 | 1.16 | 0.317 |
Functional characteristics of maternal IDS | |||||||||||||||||
Affect-salient speech a | 37.3 (1.76) | 38.5 (2.03) | 36.4 (2.03) | 42.7 (1.46) | 32.2 (1.29) | 46.1 (13.3) | 43.6 (13.9) | 38.3 (16.4) | 28.6 (11.9) | 33.4 (12.9) | 34.5 (13.7) | 0.26 | 0.769 | 43.90 | <0.001 *** | 6.64 | 0.002 ** |
Labeling a | 2.29 (0.43) | 2.94 (0.49) | 2.54 (0.49) | 1.98 (0.37) | 3.20 (0.38) | 0.81 (1.75) | 2.64 (4.52) | 2.48 (4.61) | 3.77 (3.42) | 3.24 (3.90) | 2.59 (3.99) | 0.50 | 0.607 | 5.60 | 0.020 * | 3.19 | 0.045 * |
Descriptions a | 19 (1.02) | 18.7 (1.18) | 16.4 (1.18) | 15.5 (0.74) | 20.6 (0.99) | 16.7 (8.46) | 15.8 (7.24) | 14 (5.72) | 21.3 (9.28) | 21.7 (10.5) | 18.8 (10) | 1.17 | 0.314 | 3.21 | 0.076 | 0.14 | 0.873 |
Questions a | 25.9 (1.22) | 22.2 (1.41) | 26.9 (1.41) | 28.8 (1.22) | 21.2 (0.88) | 26.4 (11.2) | 28.6 (9.15) | 31.3 (15.9) | 23.2 (10.3) | 17.9 (5.45) | 22.6 (9.02) | 2.88 | 0.061 | 12.40 | <0.001 *** | 2.00 | 0.141 |
Directives a | 6.94 (0.92) | 7.69 (1.1) | 8.49 (1.1) | 5.38 (0.62) | 10 (0.9) | 3.46 (3.76) | 5.8 (7.77) | 6.89 (9.62) | 10.4 (9.41) | 9.59 (6.71) | 10.1 (9.94) | 0.61 | 0.547 | 21.92 | <0.001 *** | 1.51 | 0.226 |
Attention-getter a | 6.54 (0.79) | 7.26 (0.92) | 7.35 (0.92) | 3.91 (0.52) | 10.2 (0.77) | 2.59 (4.41) | 4.14 (4.46) | 5 (6.44) | 10.5 (7.36) | 10.4 (6.96) | 9.96 (8.58) | 0.28 | 0.755 | 57.59 | <0.001 *** | 1.33 | 0.269 |
R2adj | F (5, 94) | p | T | β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affect-Salient Speech | 0.15 | 4.21 | 0.002 ** | ||||
Birth weight 1 a | −26.43 | 14.09 | −1.88 | 0.064 | |||
Birth weight 2 b | −42.31 | 14.07 | −3.01 | 0.003 ** | |||
PSI_3 months | −0.64 | 0.17 | −3.67 | <0.001 *** | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 1 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 2.35 | 0.021 * | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 2 | 0.79 | 0.22 | 3.63 | <0.001 *** | |||
Questions | 0.14 | 4.19 | 0.002 ** | ||||
Birth weight 1 | 20.45 | 11.76 | 1.74 | 0.085 | |||
Birth weight 2 | 41.02 | 11.74 | 3.49 | <0.001 *** | |||
PSI_3 months | 0.55 | 0.14 | 3.80 | <0.001 *** | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 1 | −0.41 | 0.18 | −2.26 | 0.026 * | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 2 | −0.71 | 0.18 | −3.87 | <0.001 *** |
R2adj | F(8, 91) | p | T | β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affect-Salient Speech | 0.12 | 2.63 | 0.012 * | ||||
Birth weight 1 | −1.02 | 14.56 | −0.07 | 0.944 | |||
Birth weight 2 | −18.81 | 15.21 | −1.24 | 0.219 | |||
PSI_3 months | −0.53 | 0.18 | −2.88 | 0.005 ** | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 1 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 1.02 | 0.310 | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 2 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 1.65 | 0.102 | |||
PSI_9 months | 0.23 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.319 | |||
PSI_9 × Birth weight 1 | −0.28 | 0.28 | −1.02 | 0.311 | |||
PSI_9 × Birth weight 2 | −0.25 | 0.31 | −0.80 | 0.428 | |||
Questions | 0.20 | 3.67 | <0.001 *** | ||||
Birth weight 1 | −12.40 | 9.658 | −1.294 | 0.202 | |||
Birth weight 2 | −21.32 | 10.04 | −2.122 | 0.037 * | |||
PSI_3 months | −0.250 | 0.121 | −2.063 | 0.042 * | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 1 | 0.374 | 0.171 | 2.190 | 0.031 * | |||
PSI_3 × Birth weight 2 | −0.708 | 0.176 | −0.004 | 0.997 | |||
PSI_9 months | 0.202 | 0.153 | 1.319 | 0.190 | |||
PSI_9 × Birth weight 1 | −0.248 | 0.180 | −1.377 | 0.172 | |||
PSI_9 × Birth weight 2 | 0.329 | 0.207 | 1.590 | 0.115 |
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Provera, A.; Neri, E.; Agostini, F. Infant-Directed Speech to Preterm Infants during the First Year Postpartum: The Influence of Preterm Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress. Healthcare 2024, 12, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12030401
Provera A, Neri E, Agostini F. Infant-Directed Speech to Preterm Infants during the First Year Postpartum: The Influence of Preterm Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress. Healthcare. 2024; 12(3):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12030401
Chicago/Turabian StyleProvera, Alessandra, Erica Neri, and Francesca Agostini. 2024. "Infant-Directed Speech to Preterm Infants during the First Year Postpartum: The Influence of Preterm Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress" Healthcare 12, no. 3: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12030401
APA StyleProvera, A., Neri, E., & Agostini, F. (2024). Infant-Directed Speech to Preterm Infants during the First Year Postpartum: The Influence of Preterm Birth Weight and Maternal Parenting Stress. Healthcare, 12(3), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12030401