The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Retention and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Intervention with Cognitive Skill Tasks
2.2.2. Intervention with Deep and Slow Breathing
2.2.3. Measurement with New Cognitive Skills Retention
2.2.4. Measurement with Cognitive Function by Areas
N-Back Test
Go/No-Go Test
Mental Rotation Test
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Change of New Cognitive Skills Retention
3.3. Change of Cognitive Function by Area
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | CG (n1 = 15) | BG (n2 = 15) | AG (n3 = 15) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (male/female) | 7/8 | 9/6 | 8/7 |
Age (years) | 71.10 ± 4.87 1 | 69.70 ± 5.10 | 71.30 ± 6.37 |
Height (cm) | 168.54 ± 9.87 | 167.33 ± 6.75 | 168.93 ± 8.67 |
Weight (kg) | 63.65 ± 9.65 | 67.39 ± 8.71 | 65.45 ± 7.65 |
BMI | 22.55 ± 2.65 | 24.16 ± 2.49 | 23.19 ± 2.81 |
MMES-K (score) | 25.43 ± 6.40 | 26.01 ± 5.01 | 25.09 ± 5.65 |
Retention | TL | STT | LTT | Post hoc | F | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correct (%) | |||||||
CG | 50 ± 12.69 1 | 59 ± 14.30 | 58.75 ± 19.27 | Time | 67.60 * | ||
BG | 45 ± 4.71 | 81.5 ± 9.52 | 86.25 ± 7.29 | TL < STT, LTT | |||
Time *Group | 14.53 * | ||||||
AG | 51 ± 26.85 | 59 ± 20.11 | 89 ± 11.01 | TL, STT < LTT | |||
Reaction Time (ms) | |||||||
CG | 1052.13 ± 157.32 | 1160.95 ± 170.53 | 1186.16 ± 152.58 | TL < STT, LTT | Time | 48.44 * | |
BG | 1088.16 ± 88.52 | 894.47 ± 84.89 | 916.49 ± 91.24 | STT, LTT < TL | |||
Time *Group | 87.16 * | ||||||
AG | 1093.84 ± 154.59 | 1094.22 ± 151.16 | 803.45 ± 157.58 | LTT < TL, STT |
N-Back | TL | STT | LTT | Post hoc | F | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correct (%) | |||||||
CG | 59.14 ± 17.97 1 | 40.27 ± 10.05 | 48.39 ± 14.31 | Time | 80.00 * | ||
BG | 54.07 ± 24.99 | 70.78 ± 13.61 | 48.32 ± 13.87 | TL < STT, LTT | |||
Time *Group | 34.70 * | ||||||
AG | 60.73 ± 18.89 | 72.16 ± 12.79 | 82.37 ± 12.03 | TL, STT < LTT | |||
Reaction Time (ms) | |||||||
CG | 790.31 ± 88.83 | 1005.78 ± 116.46 | 1101.01 ± 121.39 | TL < STT, LTT | Time | 116.05 * | |
BG | 784.19 ± 89.54 | 689.25 ± 65.32 | 1070.65 ± 75.69 | STT, LTT < TL | |||
Time *Group | 83.41 * | ||||||
AG | 815.47 ± 87.28 | 682.24 ± 69.35 | 634.57 ± 52.30 | LTT < TL, STT |
Go/No-Go | TL | STT | LTT | Post hoc | F | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correct (%) | |||||||
CG | 59.14 ± 17.97 1 | 40.27 ± 10.05 | 48.39 ± 14.31 | Time | 47.07 * | ||
BG | 54.07 ± 24.99 | 70.78 ± 13.61 | 48.32 ± 13.87 | TL < STT, LTT | |||
Time *Group | 34.27 * | ||||||
AG | 60.73 ± 18.89 | 72.16 ± 12.79 | 82.37 ± 12.03 | TL, STT < LTT | |||
Reaction Time (ms) | |||||||
CG | 564.84 ± 120.56 | 774.93 ± 68.13 | 987.18 ± 138.84 | TL < STT, LTT | Time | 90.49 * | |
BG | 563.61 ± 122.20 | 567.30 ± 43.32 | 1003.64 ± 137.37 | STT, LTT < TL | |||
Time *Group | 62.13 * | ||||||
AG | 557.01 ± 144.88 | 570.87 ± 51.00 | 534.26 ± 53.00 | LTT < TL, STT |
Mental Rotation | TL | STT | LTT | Post hoc | F | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correct (%) | |||||||
CG | 59.14 ± 17.97 1 | 40.27 ± 10.05 | 48.39 ± 14.31 | Time | 96.87 * | ||
BG | 54.07 ± 24.99 | 70.78 ± 13.61 | 48.32 ± 13.87 | TL < STT, LTT | |||
Time *Group | 70.75 * | ||||||
AG | 60.73 ± 18.89 | 72.16 ± 12.79 | 82.37 ± 12.03 | TL, STT < LTT | |||
Reaction Time (ms) | |||||||
CG | 1298.84 ± 58.23 | 1409.59 ± 110.83 | 1455.36 ± 134.75 | TL < STT, LTT | Time | 76.59 * | |
BG | 1329.98 ± 85.21 | 1151.42 ± 62.59 | 1463.40 ± 132.51 | STT, LTT < TL | |||
Time *Group | 63.12 * | ||||||
AG | 1306.20 ± 69.06 | 1175.39 ± 79.84 | 964.01 ± 48.00 | LTT < TL, STT |
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Lee, S.-H.; Park, D.-S.; Song, C.-H. The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Retention and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population. Healthcare 2023, 11, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060896
Lee S-H, Park D-S, Song C-H. The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Retention and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population. Healthcare. 2023; 11(6):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060896
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Su-Ha, Dae-Sung Park, and Chang-Ho Song. 2023. "The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Retention and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population" Healthcare 11, no. 6: 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060896
APA StyleLee, S. -H., Park, D. -S., & Song, C. -H. (2023). The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Retention and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population. Healthcare, 11(6), 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060896