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Article

Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study

by
Helena José
1,2,
Cláudia Oliveira
1,2,3,4,*,
Emília Costa
2,5,
Filomena Matos
2,5,
Eusébio Pacheco
2,5,
Filipe Nave
2,5,
Olga Valentim
6,7,8 and
Luís Sousa
1,9,*
1
Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Fábrica da Pólvora, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
2
The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Research in Education and Community Intervention, 4410-372 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
4
Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget Algarve, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal
5
Nursing Departamento, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
6
Nursing School of Lisbon (ESEL), 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal
7
Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1600-096 Lisboa, Portugal
8
Center for Health Technology and Services (CINTESIS@RISE), Research Group Innovation & Development in Nursing (NursID), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
9
Comprehensive Health Research Centre, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2023, 11(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050659
Submission received: 31 December 2022 / Revised: 19 February 2023 / Accepted: 22 February 2023 / Published: 23 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental and Behavioral Healthcare)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: In previous studies, it was found that the confinement to which the population was subjected during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of anxiety and depression. Objective: to analyze the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in Portugal residents during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive, transversal, and exploratory study of non-probabilistic sampling. Data collection was carried out between 6th and 31st of May 2020. Sociodemographic and health questionnaires PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were used. Results: The sample consisted of 920 individuals. The prevalence for depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) was 68.2% and (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) was 34.8%, and for anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥ 5) was 60.4% and (GAD-7 ≥ 10) was 20%. Depressive symptoms were moderately severe for 8.9% of the individuals, and 4.8% presented severe depression. Regarding the generalized anxiety disorder, we found that 11.6% of individuals present moderate symptoms, and 8.4% severe anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms were substantially higher than those previously found for the Portuguese population and when compared with other countries during the pandemic. Younger individuals, female, with chronic illness and medicated, were more vulnerable to depressive and anxious symptoms. In contrast, participants who maintained frequent levels of physical activity during confinement had their mental health protected.
Keywords: anxiety; depression; COVID-19; social isolation; mental health anxiety; depression; COVID-19; social isolation; mental health

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

José, H.; Oliveira, C.; Costa, E.; Matos, F.; Pacheco, E.; Nave, F.; Valentim, O.; Sousa, L. Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050659

AMA Style

José H, Oliveira C, Costa E, Matos F, Pacheco E, Nave F, Valentim O, Sousa L. Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(5):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050659

Chicago/Turabian Style

José, Helena, Cláudia Oliveira, Emília Costa, Filomena Matos, Eusébio Pacheco, Filipe Nave, Olga Valentim, and Luís Sousa. 2023. "Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study" Healthcare 11, no. 5: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050659

APA Style

José, H., Oliveira, C., Costa, E., Matos, F., Pacheco, E., Nave, F., Valentim, O., & Sousa, L. (2023). Anxiety and Depression in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Portuguese Sample: Exploratory Study. Healthcare, 11(5), 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050659

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