Effect of Smartphone Use on Sleep in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethics, Approval, and Consent to Participate
2.4. Sleep Questionnaire
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview
3.2. Baseline Characteristics
3.3. Smart Phone Use (Actual Screen Time) and Sleep Parameters
3.4. Smart Phone Use (Actual Screen Time) and Individual PSQI Components
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | PSQI | Perceived Screen Time | Bedtime | Rise Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
Step 1 | Gender | 0.080 | 0.338 | 0.052 | 0.234 | 0.061 | 0.268 | −0.034 | 0.177 |
Age | 0.013 | 0.398 | 0.033 | 0.276 | −0.003 | 0.316 | 0.108 | 0.208 | |
Parental St | 0.128 | 0.663 | 0.063 | 0.459 | 0.072 | 0.526 | −0.079 | 0.347 | |
SES | 0.027 | 0.400 | 0.144 | 0.277 | −0.034 | 0.318 | 0.023 | 0.209 | |
R2 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.003 | |||||
Step 2 | Gender | 0.073 | 0.337 | 0.002 | 0.206 | 0.054 | 0.267 | −0.042 | 0.175 |
Age | 0.009 | 0.397 | −0.006 | 0.242 | −0.007 | 0.315 | 0.103 | 0.206 | |
Parental St | 0.120 | 0.661 | −0.006 | 0.406 | 0.064 | 0.524 | −0.089 | 0.344 | |
SES | 0.010 * | 0.402 | 0.090 | 0.244 | −0.052 | 0.319 | 0.001 | 0.209 | |
Perceived screen time | 0.105 | 0.090 | 0.492 | 0.054 | 0.125 | 0.071 | 0.153 | 0.047 | |
R2 | 0.134 | 0.244 | 0.015 | 0.022 | |||||
Step 3 | Gender | 0.062 | 0.336 | −0.266 | 0.311 | 0.046 | 0.268 | −0.051 | 0.175 |
Age | 0.029 | 0.395 | −0.096 | 0.132 | −0.014 | 0.315 | 0.094 | 0.206 | |
Parental St | 0.127 | 0.662 | −0.059 | 0.328 | 0.053 | 0.527 | −0.103 | 0.346 | |
SES | 0.004 | 0.400 | −0.716 | 0.632 | −0.057 | 0.319 | 0.004 | 0.208 | |
Perceived screen time | 0.048 | 0.102 | 0.090 | 0.663 | 0.074 | 0.082 | 0.054 | 0.076 | |
Actual screen time | 0.142 | 0.101 | 0.113 | 0.070 | 0.106 | 0.080 | 0.174 | 0.046 | |
R2 | 0.270 | 0.343 | 0.145 | 0.028 | |||||
‘p’ | 0.040 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.015 |
Variables |
|
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | Poor-Quality sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | |||||
β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | |
Actual screen time | −0.096 *** | 0.541 | 1.525 | −0.034 *** | 0.548 | 1.706 |
Gender | −0.266 | 0.417 | 1.410 | 0.110 | 0.586 | 2.129 |
Age | −0.716 | 0.142 | 1.688 | 1.303 | 0.993 | 13.633 |
Parental St | −0.059 | 0.495 | 1.794 | −0.405 | 0.336 | 1.323 |
SES | −0.113 | 0.779 | 1.024 | 0.164 | 1.022 | 1.358 |
Variables |
|
| ||||
Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | |||||
β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | |
Actual screen time | 0.308 *** | 0.807 *** | 2.294 | 0.387 *** | 0.878 | 2.469 |
Gender | 0.717 | 1.105 | 3.793 | 0.634 | 1.030 | 3.450 |
Age | 1.696 | 1.674 | 17.756 | 10.564 | 1.518 | 15.026 |
Parental St | 0.090 | 0.539 | 1.861 | 0.075 | 0.582 | 1.998 |
SES | 0.134 | 0.995 | 1.315 | 0.141 | 1.005 | 1.319 |
Variables |
|
| ||||
Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | |||||
β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | |
Actual screen time | 1.234 *** | 0.656 | 1.847 | 0.191 * | 0.771 | 1.901 |
Gender | 1.266 | 0.709 | 2.400 | 0.396 | 0.870 | 2.539 |
Age | 3.453 | 0.592 | 7.067 | 10.145 | 1.116 | 8.851 |
Parental St | 1.259 | 0.557 | 2.020 | −0.018 | 0.576 | 1.675 |
SES | 1.113 | 0.977 | 1.283 | 0.143 | 1.023 | 1.302 |
| ||||||
Poor-Quality Sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) (Ref: Good-Quality Sleep (PSQI < 5)) | ||||||
β | 95% CI (UB) | 95% CI (LB) | ||||
Actual screen time | −0.077 *** | 0.565 | 1.517 | |||
Gender | 0.251 | 0.724 | 2.284 | |||
Age | 0.818 | 0.782 | 6.565 | |||
Parental St | 0.067 | 0.600 | 1.905 | |||
SES | 0.102 | 0.975 | 1.258 |
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Goel, A.; Moinuddin, A.; Tiwari, R.; Sethi, Y.; Suhail, M.K.; Mohan, A.; Kaka, N.; Sarthi, P.; Dutt, R.; Ahmad, S.F.; et al. Effect of Smartphone Use on Sleep in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212891
Goel A, Moinuddin A, Tiwari R, Sethi Y, Suhail MK, Mohan A, Kaka N, Sarthi P, Dutt R, Ahmad SF, et al. Effect of Smartphone Use on Sleep in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(21):2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212891
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoel, Ashish, Arsalan Moinuddin, Rajesh Tiwari, Yashendra Sethi, Mohammed K. Suhail, Aditi Mohan, Nirja Kaka, Parth Sarthi, Ravi Dutt, Sheikh F. Ahmad, and et al. 2023. "Effect of Smartphone Use on Sleep in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 11, no. 21: 2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212891
APA StyleGoel, A., Moinuddin, A., Tiwari, R., Sethi, Y., Suhail, M. K., Mohan, A., Kaka, N., Sarthi, P., Dutt, R., Ahmad, S. F., Attia, S. M., Emran, T. B., Chopra, H., & Greig, N. H. (2023). Effect of Smartphone Use on Sleep in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 11(21), 2891. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212891