Quality of Life and Wellbeing Parameters of Academic Dental and Nursing Personnel vs. Quality of Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Background of the Study
2.2. Identification of Factors Influencing QOL
2.3. Methodology of Designing the Study Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Sample
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Health Dimension and QOL
4.2. Psychological Health Dimension and QOL
4.3. Environmental Dimension and QOL
4.4. Social Relationships Dimension and QOL
4.5. Proposals on Academic QOL
4.6. Limitations and Benefits of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Appendix A. Pilot Study
- (1)
- In your opinion, what do you understand by the term employee well-being?
- (2)
- What sort of practices had implemented either the administration of the department or that of the university to promote employee wellbeing?
- (3)
- If you must use words to define your individual well-being at work in the department, what would they be? Please explain.
- (4)
- Do you have time for breaks at work in the department? Please explain.
- (5)
- What are your views about training received within the department in the last 12 months? What would you like to suggest for improvement?
- (6)
- How do you feel about having a coach or mentor within the workplace to support you? Please explain.
- (7)
- Do you think relationships between administration and staff are harmonious? Please explain.
- (8)
- What are your views about teamwork in the department?
- (9)
- What are your views about recruitment and selection strategies used in the department? Please explain.
- (10)
- How satisfied are you with your job? Please explain.
- (11)
- What are your views on being able to use your own initiative?
- (12)
- Do you feel that your job is secure? Please explain.
- (13)
- What are your views about being adequately compensated for work and effort that you put into your job?
- (14)
- What are your views about the ethical code and reward policy used in the department? Please explain.
- (15)
- What are your views on being involved in decision making in the department?
- (16)
- If you were offered more money in another department/university would you think about changing job? Please explain.
- (17)
- In terms of work-life balance, what are your views on work-life balance practices that should be implemented or enforced within the department?
- (18)
- How have changes within the department affected your well-being? Please explain.
- (19)
- How supportive are your colleagues and administration with non-work issues? Please explain.
- (20)
- Can you describe what things you would like to see improved in the department to promote your well-being at work?
Appendix B. Main Study
Appendix B.1. Introductory Message
Appendix B.2. The Final Version of the Questionnaire
- What is your gender? a. Male, b. Female, c. Other
- How old are you? a. Up to 30 years old, b. 31–40 years old, c. 41–50 years old, d. 51–60 years old, e. 60 years and over.
- What is your marital status? a. Single, b. Married, c. In cohabitation, d. Separated, e. Divorced, F. Widower, g. Other
- Which category do you belong to? a. Faculty Member, b. Member of EDIP, c. EIB staff, d. Administrative staff of IDAX, e. IDOX administrative staff, F. IDAX technical staff, g. IDOX technical staff, h. Scientific associates (paid), i. Unpaid scientific associates, j. Postgraduate students.
- If you maintain professional activity outside academic hours, what form does it take? a. Sole proprietorship, b. Sole proprietorship with 1 employee, c. Sole proprietorship with more than 2 employees, d. Company (member or director), e. Provision of services with block without individual headquarters, f. Hospital occupation, g. Provision with block without individual headquarters.
- What is the highest education you received? a. Primary education, b. Secondary education, c. University, d. postgraduate degree
- Do you have children? a. 0 none b. 1–2 children c. 3–4 children, d. 5 and over children
- How many years do you receive a salary in the department? a. 1–10 years b. 11–20 years c. 21–30 years d. 31 and over.
- What is your annual family income? Under 15,000, 15,001–25,000, 25,001 €–50,000 €, 50,001 €–100,000 €, 100,001 € and above
- How is your health? Pretty poor (1)—Poor (2)—Neither poor nor good (3)—Good (4)—Very good (5)
- Do you consider yourself currently ill? Yes… No…
- If there is something wrong with you, what do you think it is? ________________________
How well are you able to concentrate? | Not at all 1 | A little 2 | A moderate amount 3 | Very much 4 | Extremely 5 |
Very poor | Poor | Neither poor nor good | Good | Very good | ||
Q1 (G1) | How would you rate your quality of life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Very dissatisfied | Moderately dissatisfied | Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | Moderately satisfied | Very satisfied | ||
Q2 (G4) | How satisfied are you with your health? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Not at All | A Little | A Moderate Amount | Very Much | An Extreme Amount | ||
Q3 (F1.4) | To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q4 (F 11.3) | How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q5 (F4.1) | How much do you enjoy life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q6 (F24.2) | To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q7 (F5.3) | How well are you able to concentrate? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q8 (F16.1) | How safe do you feel in your daily life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q9 (F22.1) | How healthy is your physical environment? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Not at All | A little | Μoderately | Mostly | Completely | ||
Q10 (F2.1) | Do you have enough energy for everyday life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q11 (F7.1) | Are you able to accept your bodily appearance? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q12 (F18.1) | Have you enough money to meet your needs? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q13 (F20.1) | How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q14 (F21.1) | To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q15 (F9.1) | How well are you able to get around? | Very poor | Poor | Neither poor nor good | Good | Very good |
Very Dissatisfied | Dissatisfied | Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied | Satisfied | Very Satisfied | ||
Q16 (F3.3) | How satisfied are you with your sleep? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q17 (F10.3) | How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q18 (F12.4) | How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q19 (F6.3) | How satisfied are you with yourself? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q20 (F13.3) | How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q21 (F15.3) | How satisfied are you with your sex life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q22 (F14.4) | How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q23 (F17.3) | How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q24 (F19.3) | How satisfied are you with your access to health services? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q25 (F23.3) | How satisfied are you with your transport? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Never | Seldom | Quite Often | Very Often | Always | ||
Q26 (F8.1) | How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q27. To What Extent Any of the Following Factors Affect Your Well-Being in Your Workplace? | Not at All | A Little | Μoderately | Mostly | Completely |
Working relations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Support system from partners or mentors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Noise | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Work hours | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Appreciation by superiors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Reward from superiors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Salary | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Equality in development and treatment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Respect | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Work creativity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Workplace aesthetics | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Space comfort | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Temperature settings in the workplace | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Babysitting facilities | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Possibility of continuing education in the same place | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Possibility of a break in a special area | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Observance of working hours | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Flexibility of working hours | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Possibility of a half-hour break for food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Healthy meals | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Meditation gymnastics areas | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Teamwork and socialization outside the workplace | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Not at All | A Little | Moderately | Mostly | Completely | ||
Q28 F24.1 | To what extent do your personal values guide the life decisions you make? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q29 F24.2 | To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q30 F24.3 | To what extent do personal beliefs give you the strength to face difficulties? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q31 F24.4 | To what extent do personal beliefs help you understand life’s difficulties? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q32 F24.5 | Do you take responsibility for your reality? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Not at All | A Little | A Moderate Amount | Very Much | An Extreme Amount | ||
Q33 F25.1 | To what extent are you afraid of death? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q34 F25.2 | To what extent do you think there is a reason you live? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q35 F25.3 | To what extent have you been concerned about what happens after death? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q36 F25.4 | To what extent do you meditate? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q37 F25.5 | When faced with failure, to what extent do you continue to search for the meaning of your life? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q38 F25.6 | To what extent do you think a coach/mentor/spiritual guide would help you in your self-awareness and development? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Please Briefly Write Your Suggestions | ||
Q39 F25.7 | What would you like to change in your workplace to be more satisfied? | |
Q40 F25.8 | What would you like to change in your life to be happier? |
- -
- How long did it take to fill this form out? ………………………….. minutes
- -
- Did someone help you to fill out this form? YES…………NO…………………
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Ν | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 30 | 25.0% |
Female | 90 | 75.0% | |
Age | Up to 30 years old | 41 | 34.2% |
31–40 years | 29 | 24.2% | |
41–50 years | 18 | 15.0% | |
51–60 years | 24 | 20.0% | |
61 years and above | 8 | 6.7% | |
Marital status | Single | 54 | 45.0% |
Living like married | 11 | 9.2% | |
Married | 49 | 40.8% | |
Widowed | 1 | 0.8% | |
Divorced | 5 | 4.2% | |
Number of children | No children | 75 | 62.5% |
1–2 children | 43 | 35.8% | |
3–4 children | 2 | 1.7% | |
Education | Secondary (high school, technical school) | 9 | 7.5% |
Tertiary (Bachelor) | 35 | 29.2% | |
Postgraduate (Master) | 48 | 40.0% | |
Ph.D. | 28 | 23.3% | |
Job position | IDAX administrative staff (administrative) | 8 | 6.7% |
Administrative staff IDOH (administrative) | 7 | 5.8% | |
Research Associates (Unpaid) (scientific) | 6 | 5.0% | |
Research Associates (paid) (scientific) | 2 | 1.7% | |
Faculty members (scientific) | 25 | 20.8% | |
Postgraduate students (scientific) | 68 | 56.7% | |
EIB staff (technical) | 1 | 0.8% | |
Technical staff IDOH (technical) | 3 | 2.5% | |
Work experience | 1–10 years | 50 | 42.7% |
10–20 years | 34 | 29.1% | |
21–30 years | 20 | 17.1% | |
Over 31 years | 13 | 11.1% | |
Department | Nursing | 67 | 55.8% |
Dentistry | 53 | 44.2% | |
Non-academic professional activity | Sole proprietorship with more than 2 employees | 6 | 5.0% |
Sole proprietorship | 5 | 4.2% | |
Sole proprietorship with 1 employee | 11 | 9.2% | |
I do not know/I do not answer | 17 | 14.2% | |
I do not maintain a professional activity outside of academic hours | 26 | 21.7% | |
Company (member or director) | 9 | 7.5% | |
Hospital employment | 40 | 33.3% | |
Provision of services without an individual seat | 6 | 5.0% | |
Annual family income | Under EUR 15,000 | 47 | 42.0% |
EUR 15,001–25,000 | 30 | 26.8% | |
EUR 25,001–50,000 | 25 | 22.3% | |
EUR 50,001–100,000 | 9 | 8.0% | |
EUR 100,001 and above | 1 | 0.9% |
Component | |||
---|---|---|---|
Working Conditions and Benefits | Work Relationships, Rewards, and Compensation | Workspace and Nature of Work | |
Possibility of a half hour break for food | 0.867 | ||
Possibility of a break in a suitable place | 0.845 | ||
Possibility of receiving healthy meals | 0.744 | ||
Flexibility of working hours | 0.727 | ||
Possibility of babysitting | 0.668 | ||
Working hours compliance | 0.616 | ||
Possibility of continuing education in the same area | 0.607 | ||
Ability to socialize with colleagues | 0.569 | ||
Spaces for exercise, relaxation, or meditation | 0.569 | ||
Appreciation and recognition from superiors | 0.800 | ||
Business relations | 0.798 | ||
Reward from superiors | 0.773 | ||
Support system from colleagues or mentors | 0.658 | ||
Equality in development and treatment | 0.536 | ||
Noise | 0.515 | ||
Salary | 0.508 | ||
Workplace aesthetics | 0.832 | ||
Work creativity | 0.805 | ||
Feeling of giving | 0.747 | ||
Space comfort | 0.701 |
N Items | Cronbach’s a | M | SD | Median | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QOL Domain Scores (0–100) | |||||||
Physical health | 7 | 0.736 | 72.17 | 15.75 | 75.00 | −0.545 | −0.213 |
Psychological health | 5 | 0.741 | 64.58 | 15.31 | 66.67 | −0.616 | 0.221 |
Social relationships | 3 | 0.847 | 68.89 | 24.08 | 75.00 | −0.813 | 0.014 |
Environment | 8 | 0.756 | 58.72 | 15.54 | 59.38 | −0.359 | −0.176 |
Overall QOL | 1 | - | 65.63 | 18.64 | 75.00 | −0.501 | 0.713 |
Satisfaction from health | 1 | - | 72.08 | 22.96 | 75.00 | −0.493 | −0.233 |
Working conditions and benefits | 9 | 0.891 | 3.21 | 0.90 | 3.33 | −0.324 | −0.579 |
Work relationships, rewards, and compensation | 7 | 0.840 | 3.42 | 0.76 | 3.57 | −0.563 | −0.104 |
Workspace and nature of work | 4 | 0.869 | 3.64 | 0.82 | 3.75 | −0.765 | 0.759 |
Job satisfaction | 4 | 0.829 | 3.17 | 0.97 | 3.25 | −0.122 | −0.747 |
Personal beliefs and values | 4 | 0.818 | 4.04 | 0.62 | 4.00 | −0.500 | 0.889 |
Spirituality | 6 | 0.621 | 3.01 | 0.70 | 3.08 | −0.273 | −0.059 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical health | -- | |||||||||
Psychological health | 0.652 ** | -- | ||||||||
Social relationships | 0.544 ** | 0.464 ** | -- | |||||||
Environment | 0.673 ** | 0.605 ** | 0.511 ** | -- | ||||||
Working conditions and benefits | 0.066 | 0.059 | 0.217 ** | −0.044 | -- | |||||
Work relationships, rewards, and compensation | 0.007 | 0.024 | 0.172 | −0.018 | 0.473 ** | -- | ||||
Workspace and nature of work | 0.158 | 0.176 | 0.293 ** | 0.134 | 0.539 ** | 0.557 ** | -- | |||
Job satisfaction | 0.377 ** | 0.17 | 0.319 ** | 0.504 ** | 0.077 | −0.002 | 0.142 | -- | ||
Personal beliefs and values | 0.332 ** | 0.595 ** | 0.304 ** | 0.282 ** | 0.234 ** | 0.145 | 0.377 ** | 0.113 | -- | |
Spirituality | 0.108 | 0.262 ** | 0.132 | 0.223 ** | 0.194 ** | 0.321 ** | 0.324 ** | 0.221 ** | 0.418 ** | -- |
Source | Dependent Variable | Type III SS | Df | MSE | F | p | η2p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Model | Physical health | 2863.914 a | 8 | 357.99 | 1.56 | 0.148 | 0.11 |
Psychological health | 4547.003 b | 8 | 568.38 | 2.74 | 0.009 | 0.18 | |
Social relationships | 11,181.755 c | 8 | 1397.72 | 2.68 | 0.010 | 0.18 | |
Environment | 4036.145 d | 8 | 504.52 | 2.52 | 0.016 | 0.17 | |
Intercept | Physical health | 361,283.10 | 1 | 361,283.10 | 1570.91 | <0.001 | 0.94 |
Psychological health | 295,091.40 | 1 | 295,091.40 | 1420.64 | <0.001 | 0.94 | |
Social relationships | 293,787.22 | 1 | 293,787.22 | 563.79 | <0.001 | 0.85 | |
Environment | 243,657.41 | 1 | 243,657.41 | 1216.65 | <0.001 | 0.93 | |
Gender | Physical health | 39.61 | 1 | 39.61 | 0.17 | 0.679 | 0.00 |
Psychological health | 118.42 | 1 | 118.42 | 0.57 | 0.452 | 0.01 | |
Social relationships | 763.33 | 1 | 763.33 | 1.47 | 0.229 | 0.02 | |
Environment | 447.38 | 1 | 447.38 | 2.23 | 0.138 | 0.02 | |
Age | Physical health | 1995.74 | 3 | 665.25 | 2.89 | 0.039 | 0.08 |
Psychological health | 1187.74 | 3 | 395.91 | 1.91 | 0.134 | 0.06 | |
Social relationships | 2802.83 | 3 | 934.28 | 1.79 | 0.154 | 0.05 | |
Environment | 1681.32 | 3 | 560.44 | 2.80 | 0.044 | 0.08 | |
Marital status | Physical health | 291.79 | 1 | 291.79 | 1.27 | 0.263 | 0.01 |
Psychological health | 659.86 | 1 | 659.86 | 3.18 | 0.078 | 0.03 | |
Social relationships | 5032.72 | 1 | 5032.72 | 9.66 | 0.002 | 0.09 | |
Environment | 190.44 | 1 | 190.44 | 0.95 | 0.332 | 0.01 | |
Department | Physical health | 139.89 | 1 | 139.89 | 0.61 | 0.437 | 0.01 |
Psychological health | 0.88 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.948 | 0.00 | |
Social relationships | 2659.13 | 1 | 2659.13 | 5.10 | 0.026 | 0.05 | |
Environment | 128.29 | 1 | 128.29 | 0.64 | 0.425 | 0.01 | |
Education | Physical health | 794.56 | 2 | 397.28 | 1.73 | 0.183 | 0.03 |
Psychological health | 1553.88 | 2 | 776.94 | 3.74 | 0.027 | 0.07 | |
Social relationships | 1061.42 | 2 | 530.71 | 1.02 | 0.365 | 0.02 | |
Environment | 888.58 | 2 | 444.29 | 2.22 | 0.114 | 0.04 | |
Error | Physical health | 22,308.40 | 97 | 229.984 | |||
Psychological health | 20,148.52 | 97 | 207.717 | ||||
Social relationships | 50,545.84 | 97 | 521.091 | ||||
Environment | 19,426.14 | 97 | 200.269 | ||||
Total | Physical health | 581,403.06 | 106 | ||||
Psychological health | 465,746.52 | 106 | |||||
Social relationships | 549,652.77 | 106 | |||||
Corrected total | Environment | 394,560.54 | 106 | ||||
Physical health | 25,172.31 | 105 | |||||
Psychological health | 24,695.52 | 105 | |||||
Social relationships | 61,727.59 | 105 | |||||
Environment | 23,462.28 | 105 |
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Antoniadou, M.; Mangoulia, P.; Myrianthefs, P. Quality of Life and Wellbeing Parameters of Academic Dental and Nursing Personnel vs. Quality of Services. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202792
Antoniadou M, Mangoulia P, Myrianthefs P. Quality of Life and Wellbeing Parameters of Academic Dental and Nursing Personnel vs. Quality of Services. Healthcare. 2023; 11(20):2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202792
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntoniadou, Maria, Polyxeni Mangoulia, and Pavlos Myrianthefs. 2023. "Quality of Life and Wellbeing Parameters of Academic Dental and Nursing Personnel vs. Quality of Services" Healthcare 11, no. 20: 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202792
APA StyleAntoniadou, M., Mangoulia, P., & Myrianthefs, P. (2023). Quality of Life and Wellbeing Parameters of Academic Dental and Nursing Personnel vs. Quality of Services. Healthcare, 11(20), 2792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11202792