Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Physical Activity with Health-Related Quality of Life in Italian Middle School Children: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Question and Purpose of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Main Outcome Measure: Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children
2.5. Cardio-Fitness Performance Measurements
2.6. Socioeconomic Variables
2.7. Covariates
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Path Model
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population Characteristics | Overall, n= 370 | Females, n = 182 | Males, n = 188 | p-Value 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 12.76 ± 0.94 | 12.89 ± 0.91 | 12.63 ± 0.95 | 0.009 |
IOTF category | 0.725 | |||
Underweight/Normal weight | 170 (76%) | 98 (77%) | 72 (74%) | |
Overweight/Obese | 54 (24%) | 29 (23%) | 25 (26%) | |
Missing | 146 | 55 | 91 | |
Live with both parents | 0.512 | |||
No | 28 (13%) | 18 (14%) | 10 (10%) | |
Yes | 194 (87%) | 108 (86%) | 86 (90%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Nationality | 0.07 | |||
Italian | 186 (83%) | 111 (87%) | 75 (77%) | |
Other | 38 (17%) | 16 (13%) | 22 (23%) | |
Missing | 146 | 55 | 91 | |
Mother citizenship | 0.181 | |||
Italian | 179 (81%) | 106 (84%) | 73 (76%) | |
Other | 43 (19%) | 20 (16%) | 23 (24%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Father citizenship | 0.7 | |||
Italian | 193 (87%) | 111 (88%) | 82 (85%) | |
Other | 29 (13%) | 15 (12%) | 14 (15%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Parents citizenship | 0.228 | |||
Both Italians | 173 (78%) | 103 (82%) | 70 (73%) | |
One Italian-One other | 26 (12%) | 11 (8.7%) | 15 (16%) | |
Both other | 23 (10%) | 12 (9.5%) | 11 (11%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Parents citizenship dichotomic | 0.159 | |||
Both Italians | 173 (78%) | 103 (82%) | 70 (73%) | |
Other | 49 (22%) | 23 (18%) | 26 (27%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Mother educational level | 0.651 | |||
Middle school or lower | 44 (20%) | 26 (21%) | 18 (19%) | |
High school | 109 (49%) | 64 (51%) | 45 (47%) | |
University degree or higher | 69 (31%) | 36 (29%) | 33 (34%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Father educational level | 0.442 | |||
Middle school or lower | 60 (27%) | 35 (28%) | 25 (26%) | |
High school | 111 (50%) | 66 (52%) | 45 (47%) | |
University degree or higher | 51 (23%) | 25 (20%) | 26 (27%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Parents highest educational level | 0.651 | |||
Middle school or lower | 39 (18%) | 23 (18%) | 16 (17%) | |
High school | 114 (51%) | 67 (53%) | 47 (49%) | |
University degree or higher | 69 (31%) | 36 (29%) | 33 (34%) | |
Missing | 148 | 56 | 92 | |
Mother employed | >0.999 | |||
Yes | 34 (15%) | 19 (15%) | 15 (16%) | |
No | 188 (85%) | 107 (85%) | 81 (84%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Mother employment status | 0.105 | |||
Unemployed | 34 (15%) | 19 (15%) | 15 (16%) | |
Part time | 70 (32%) | 47 (37%) | 23 (24%) | |
Full time | 117 (53%) | 60 (48%) | 57 (60%) | |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 93 | |
Father employed | >0.999 | |||
Yes | 5 (2.3%) | 3 (2.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | |
No | 217 (98%) | 123 (98%) | 94 (98%) | |
Missing | 148 | 56 | 92 | |
Family working status | 0.981 | |||
One employed or less | 38 (17%) | 21 (17%) | 17 (18%) | |
Both employed | 184 (83%) | 105 (83%) | 79 (82%) | |
Missing | 148 | 56 | 92 | |
Physical Well-Being (5) 1 | 18.51 ± 3.38 | 18.02 ± 3.46 | 19.16 ± 3.19 | 0.013 |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Psychological Well-Being (7) | 27.66 ± 4.25 | 26.65 ± 4.47 | 28.94 ± 3.58 | <0.001 |
Missing | 146 | 61 | 93 | |
Parents and Autonomy (7) | 28.09 ± 4.59 | 27.33 ± 4.92 | 29.07 ± 3.93 | 0.005 |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
Social Support and Peers (4) | 16.73 ± 2.59 | 16.64 ± 2.58 | 16.85 ± 2.60 | 0.548 |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
School Environment (4) | 14.27 ± 2.30 | 14.34 ± 2.20 | 14.19 ± 2.42 | 0.622 |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 | |
KIDSCREEN 27 total score | 105.79 ± 12.20 | 103.77 ± 12.38 | 108.37 ± 11.53 | 0.006 |
Missing | 146 | 61 | 93 | |
Long jump (cm) 2 | 154.22 ± 33.08 | 144.13 ± 30.69 | 164.18 ± 32.43 | <0.001 |
Missing | 67 | 42 | 46 | |
Shuttle run (s) 2 | 12.13 ± 1.54 | 12.51 ± 1.38 | 11.77 ± 1.59 | <0.001 |
Missing | 96 | 49 | 47 | |
6 min Cooper test (m) 2 | 1807.28 ± 378.68 | 1645.75 ± 313.79 | 1977.64 ± 367.35 | <0.001 |
Missing | 105 | 47 | 60 | |
PAQ-A score | 2.25 ± 0.62 | 2.08 ± 0.58 | 2.48 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
Missing | 146 | 56 | 92 |
Variable | Physical WB | Psych WB | Parents and Autonomy | Social Support and Peers | School Env. | KIDSCR. 27 | PAQ-A Score | Long Jump | Shuttle Run | Cooper Test | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical WB | - | 0.481 | 0.435 | 0.362 | 0.358 | 0.714 | 0.579 | 0.352 | −0.408 | 0.361 | −0.116 |
Psychological WB | - | 0.536 | 0.349 | 0.453 | 0.824 | 0.141 | 0.181 | −0.095 | 0.169 | −0.210 | |
Parents and Autonomy | - | 0.422 | 0.375 | 0.805 | 0.206 | 0.073 | −0.162 | 0.112 | −0.070 | ||
Social Support and Peers | - | 0.256 | 0.595 | 0.189 | 0.119 | −0.073 | 0.146 | −0.074 | |||
School Environment | - | 0.606 | 0.075 | −0.029 | −0.092 | 0.082 | −0.163 | ||||
KIDSCREEN 27 | - | 0.313 | 0.192 | −0.200 | 0.230 | −0.158 | |||||
PAQ-A score | - | 0.263 | −0.349 | 0.339 | −0.092 | ||||||
Long jump | - | −0.727 | 0.496 | 0.144 | |||||||
Shuttle run | - | −0.569 | −0.062 | ||||||||
Cooper test | - | −0.022 | |||||||||
Age | - |
Structural Path Coefficients | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate Model 1 | Multivariate Model | Fully Adjusted Model 3 | |||||||
Measure | b | p-Value | 95% CI | b | p-Value | 95% CI | b | p-Value | 95% CI |
Covariates | |||||||||
Age | −0.136 | 0.064 | −0.280–0.008 | −0.139 | 0.020 | −0.254–−0.023 | −0.136 | 0.019 | −0.250–−0.023 |
Nationality | −0.058 | 0.477 | −0.220–0.103 | – 2 | - | - | - | ||
Sex | −0.204 | 0.005 | −0.346–−0.062 | 0.142 | 0.017 | 0.011–0.273 | 0.140 | 0.015 | 0.017–0.263 |
Living situation | 0.164 | 0.023 | 0.023–0.305 | – 2 | - | - | - | ||
Parents’ employment status | 0.235 | 0.002 | 0.087–0.384 | 0.145 | 0.036 | 0.031–0.259 | 0.142 | 0.013 | 0.027–0.257 |
Parents’ educational status | 0.032 | 0.658 | −0.111–0.176 | 0.135 | 0.039 | 0.023–0.248 | 0.133 | 0.017 | 0.022–0.244 |
Parents’ citizenry (immigration status) | −0.043 | 0.616 | −0.212–0.126 | – 2 | - | - | - | - | |
Cardio-Fitness and Physical Activity Measures | |||||||||
PAQ-C (PA) | 0.418 | <0.001 | 0.257–0.579 | 0.429 | <0.001 | 0.304–0.554 | 0.421 | <0.001 | 0.300–0.542 |
Cooper Test (speed) | 0.184 | 0.017 | 0.033–0.336 | 0.221 | 0.018 | 0.087–0.355 | 0.218 | 0.001 | 0.089–0.346 |
Long jump | 0.011 | 0.919 | −0.199–0.221 | – 2 | - | – 2 | - | ||
Shuttle run (agility) | −0.186 | 0.048 | −0.371–−0.001 | −0.207 | 0.044 | −0.337–−0.077 | −0.203 | 0.002 | −0.329–−0.077 |
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Sanmarchi, F.; Scheier, L.M.; Dallolio, L.; Ricci, M.; Longo, G.; Ceciliani, A.; Masini, A. Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Physical Activity with Health-Related Quality of Life in Italian Middle School Children: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142092
Sanmarchi F, Scheier LM, Dallolio L, Ricci M, Longo G, Ceciliani A, Masini A. Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Physical Activity with Health-Related Quality of Life in Italian Middle School Children: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(14):2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142092
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanmarchi, Francesco, Lawrence M. Scheier, Laura Dallolio, Matteo Ricci, Giulia Longo, Andrea Ceciliani, and Alice Masini. 2023. "Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Physical Activity with Health-Related Quality of Life in Italian Middle School Children: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 11, no. 14: 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142092
APA StyleSanmarchi, F., Scheier, L. M., Dallolio, L., Ricci, M., Longo, G., Ceciliani, A., & Masini, A. (2023). Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Physical Activity with Health-Related Quality of Life in Italian Middle School Children: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 11(14), 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142092