Effects of Pilates on Pain, Physical Function, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Factors in Young Women with Dysmenorrhea: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedures
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Subjects
2.4. Pilates Protocol
2.5. General, Menstrual, and Lifestyle Characteristics
2.6. Primary Outcomes
2.6.1. Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome
2.6.2. Muscle Strength and Flexibility
2.7. Secondary Outcomes
2.7.1. Sleep Quality and Duration
2.7.2. Psychological Variables
2.8. Sample Size
2.9. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
Variables | Categories | Pilates Group (n = 15) | Control Group (n = 15) | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 33.9 ± 3.5 | 31.3 ± 4.5 | 0.096 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.4 ± 2.1 | 21.2 ± 1.9 | 0.818 | |
Body fat (%) | 31.0 ± 4.7 | 29.8 ± 5.1 | 0.504 | |
Menarcheal age (year) | 12.9 ± 1.1 | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 1.000 | |
Period length (day) | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 0.683 b | |
Length of menstrual cycle (day) | 30.3 ± 5.1 | 29.9 ± 5.5 | 0.806 b | |
Period regularity | Regular | 14 (93.3) | 7 (46.7) | 0.014 |
Irregular | 1 (6.7) | 8 (53.3) | ||
Volume of menstrual fluid | Light | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.117 c |
Moderate | 10 (66.7) | 10 (66.7) | ||
Heavy | 2 (13.3) | 5 (33.3) | ||
Family history of dysmenorrhea | No | 2 (13.3) | 5 (33.3) | 0.135 c |
Yes | 8 (53.3) | 9 (60.0) | ||
Not know | 5 (33.3) | 1 (6.7) | ||
Marital status | Married | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 1.000 |
Unmarried | 13 (86.7) | 13 (86.7) | ||
Smoking | No | 15 (100.0) | 14 (93.3) | 1.000 |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | ||
Drinking | No | 4 (26.7) | 4 (26.7) | 1.000 |
Yes | 11 (73.3) | 11 (73.3) | ||
Moderate-intensity exercise (≥150 min/wk) | No | 14 (93.3) | 15 (100.0) | 1.000 |
Yes | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Sleep quality | Poor | 15 (100.0) | 12 (80.0) | 0.224 |
Good | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | ||
Use of pain relievers to manage dysmenorrhea | No | 4 (26.7) | 1 (6.7) | 0.330 |
Yes | 11 (73.3) | 14 (93.3) |
3.2. Changes in Primary Outcomes
3.3. Secondary Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Group | Baseline | Week 12 | p-Value a | Effect Size d | Week 12—Baseline | p-Value c | Effect Size d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (cm) | Pilates group | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.000 | 3.64 | −5.2 ± 1.4 | 0.000 | −3.30 |
Control group | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 0.468 b | 0.19 e | 0.3 ± 1.9 | |||
CMSS severity | Pilates group | 30.1 ± 13.5 | 14.1 ± 9.7 | 0.000 | 1.40 | −15.9 ± 11.4 | 0.000 | 1.75 |
Control group | 21.9 ± 9.3 | 21.7 ± 7.0 | 0.806 b | −0.06 e | 0.2 ± 1.9 | |||
CMSS frequency | Pilates group | 34.0 ± 12.7 | 17.9 ± 12.5 | 0.002b | −0.80 e | −16.1 ± 14.0 | 0.000 | −1.60 |
Control group | 24.3 ± 7.7 | 25.8 ± 7.4 | 0.411 | −0.22 | 1.5 ± 6.7 | |||
PSST symptoms | Pilates group | 26.8 ± 9.7 | 14.7 ± 9.2 | 0.000 | 1.38 | −12.1 ± 8.7 | 0.000 | −1.92 |
Control group | 17.2 ± 9.5 | 20.5 ± 9.1 | 0.096 | −0.46 | 3.3 ± 7.2 | |||
PSST functional impairment | Pilates group | 9.1 ± 3.4 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 0.001 b | −0.89 e | −4.6 ± 2.9 | 0.000 | −1.83 |
Control group | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 6.4 ± 4.0 | 0.241 | −0.32 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | |||
Back flexibility (cm) | Pilates group | 29.4 ± 6.8 | 33.5 ± 4.7 | 0.006b | 0.71 f | 4.1 ± 5.4 | 0.000 d | −0.70 f |
Control group | 31.8 ± 8.6 | 28.4 ± 8.2 | 0.010 | 0.77 | −3.4 ± 4.5 | |||
Muscle strength | ||||||||
Left hip flexors (kg) | Pilates group | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 1.5 | 0.000 | −1.81 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 0.000 | 2.28 |
Control group | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 0.764 | 0.08 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | |||
Right hip flexors (kg) | Pilates group | 8.9 ± 1.7 | 11.7 ± 1.6 | 0.001 | −1.13 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 0.000 | 1.82 |
Control group | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 0.029 | 0.63 | −0.6 ± 1.0 | |||
Left hip Extensors (kg) | Pilates group | 10.3 ± 1.5 | 11.5 ± 1.4 | 0.002 | −1.00 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.007 | 1.06 |
Control group | 10.9 ± 2.0 | 10.7 ± 1.8 | 0.562 | 0.15 | −0.2 ± 1.5 | |||
Right hip Extensors (kg) | Pilates group | 10.3 ± 1.7 | 12.0 ± 1.5 | 0.000 | −1.46 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.000 | 1.54 |
Control group | 11.2 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 0.168 | 0.38 | −0.7 ± 1.8 | |||
Left hip abductors (kg) | Pilates group | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 0.002 b | 0.80 f | 2.4 ± 2.1 | 0.000 | 0.98 |
Control group | 9.7 ± 1.6 | 10.0 ± 1.9 | 0.619 | −0.13 | 0.3 ± 2.2 | |||
Right hip abductors (kg) | Pilates group | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 0.000 | −1.46 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 0.004 d | −0.51 f |
Control group | 9.5 ± 1.9 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | 0.844 | −0.05 | 0.1 ± 2.1 |
Variables | Group | Baseline | Week 12 | p-Value a | Effect Size e | Week 12—Baseline | p-Value c | Effect Size e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Pilates group | 21.4 ± 2.1 | 21.3 ± 1.7 | 0.531 | 0.17 | −0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.129 | −0.57 |
Control group | 21.2 ± 1.9 | 21.5 ± 2.0 | 0.148 | −0.40 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | |||
Body fat (%) | Pilates group | 31.0 ± 4.7 | 29.9 ± 5.1 | 0.018 | 0.69 | −1.1 ± 1.6 | 0.126 d | 0.28 f |
Control group | 29.8 ± 5.1 | 30.4 ± 5.7 | 0.347 | −0.25 | 0.6 ± 2.5 | |||
Total score of sleep quality | Pilates group | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 0.006 b | −0.71 f | −2.0 ± 1.9 | 0.015 d | 0.46 f |
Control group | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 8.6 ± 3.0 | 0.317 b | −0.26 f | −0.2 ± 0.8 | |||
Sleep duration (hour) | Pilates group | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 0.675 b | 0.11 f | 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.067 d | −0.34 f |
Control group | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 0.040b | −0.52 f | −0.9 ± 1.5 | |||
Perceived stress | Pilates group | 21.6 ± 3.5 | 20.0 ± 3.8 | 0.036 | 0.60 | −1.6 ± 2.7 | 0.683 d | 0.12 f |
Control group | 20.7 ± 3.8 | 19.4 ± 4.6 | 0.195 | 0.35 | −1.3 ± 3.8 | |||
Depression | Pilates group | 15.7 ± 8.9 | 12.0 ± 4.8 | 0.081 | 0.42 | −3.7 ± 8.8 | 0.653 d | 0.08 f |
Control group | 21.1 ± 8.1 | 19.3 ± 10.6 | 0.267 | 0.30 | −1.8 ± 6.0 | |||
State anxiety | Pilates group | 43.8 ± 9.1 | 40.1 ± 7.6 | 0.110 | 0.44 | −3.7 ± 8.3 | 0.461 d | 0.14 f |
Control group | 43.8 ± 8.0 | 43.1 ± 11.0 | 0.729 | 0.09 | −0.7 ± 8.0 | |||
Trait anxiety | Pilates group | 41.2 ± 6.7 | 39.6 ± 6.2 | 0.281 | 0.29 | −1.6 ± 5.5 | 0.345 d | 0.18 f |
Control group | 45.5 ± 5.8 | 46.1 ± 7.7 | 0.864 b | −0.10 | 0.6 ± 6.1 |
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Song, B.-H.; Kim, J. Effects of Pilates on Pain, Physical Function, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Factors in Young Women with Dysmenorrhea: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142076
Song B-H, Kim J. Effects of Pilates on Pain, Physical Function, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Factors in Young Women with Dysmenorrhea: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(14):2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142076
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Bo-Hwa, and Jaehee Kim. 2023. "Effects of Pilates on Pain, Physical Function, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Factors in Young Women with Dysmenorrhea: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study" Healthcare 11, no. 14: 2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142076