Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Variables and Instruments
- -
- Objective eTL variables: (1) PL; and (2) PL per minute (PL/min). These neuromuscular eTL variables were measured using WIMU ProTM inertial devices (RealTrack System, Almería, Spain). PL was measured only during the time of motor commitment in order to eliminate distorting values, such as PL during rest periods.
- -
- Subjective eTL variables: (1) density of task, categorical–ordinal variable with five levels: 1-walking; 2-gentle pace; 3-intensity with rest; 4-intensity without rest; and 5-high intensity without rest. In Study 1, the variability of the learning tasks applied involved a different level for each task type. In contrast, the 3 vs. 3 game situations involved only one level in Study 2. (2) eTL, obtained by the sum of the values (1 to 5) given to six categorical–ordinal variables when categorizing tasks: degree of opposition, task density, percentage of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement. Thus, the eTL value for each learning task ranges from 6 to 30. (3) eTL*minute (eTL*min): these variables were measured through the SIATE observation sheet [21].
- -
- Objective iTL variables: (1) average HR (HRavg); and (2) maximum HR (HRmax). These were measured with GARMINTM HR monitors (Garmin Ltd., Olathe, KS, USA), synchronized with the above-mentioned inertial devices through Ant+ technology [31]. HR was also measured only during the time of motor commitment.
- -
- Only in study 2 was subjective iTL (psycho-physiological demands) measured using the curvilinear pictorial scale with graphic illustrations [23], which represents the RPE.
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Practical Applications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Task Type | Example | Soccer | Basketball | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | eTLavg | % | eTLavg | |||
Study 1 Tasks with different subjective eTL | Without Opposition | 1 vs. 0… | 39.90 | 10.85 | 56.50 | 12.03 |
Individual Game | 1 vs. 1 | 28.30 | 17.83 | 15.70 | 19.52 | |
Inequality SSG | 2 vs. 1… | 25.10 | 20.84 | 17.80 | 19.17 | |
Equality SSG | 2 vs. 2… | 1.80 | 17.00 | 5.70 | 21.48 | |
Full Game | 5 vs. 5 | 4.90 | 28.64 | 4.30 | 24.66 | |
Study 2 3 vs. 3 with same subjective eTL | Equality SSG | 3 vs. 3 | 100.00 | 28 | 100.00 | 28.00 |
Demographic Data | Study 1 Tasks with Different Subjective eTL | Study 2 3 vs. 3 with Same Subjective eTL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
School, grade | School 1, 5th PE | School 2, 6th PE | School 1, 5th PE | School 2, 6th PE |
Students, girls | 40, 18 girls | 55, 32 girls | 33, 16 girls | 48, 25 girls |
Years (M ± SD) | 10.65 ± 0.48 | 11.09 ± 0.29 | 10.67 ± 0.48 | 11.10 ± 0.31 |
Intensity | Variable | Unit | Description | Instrument |
---|---|---|---|---|
eTL (objective) | PL | Arbitrary units (per min) | Neuromuscular eTL resulting from accelerations | WIMU ProTM |
PL/min | ||||
eTL (subjective) | Task density | Scale 1 to 5 | Intensity of the learning task | SIATE observation sheet |
Task eTL | Number 6 to 30 (per min) | Intensity resulting from the sum of six categorical variables | ||
eTL*min | ||||
iTL (objective) | HRavg | Beats per minute | Number (average/maximum) of beats per minute | GARMINTM monitors |
HRmax | ||||
iTL (subjective) | RPE | Scale 1 to 10 | Perception of one’s own effort | CPS (graphics) |
Intensity | Spearman’s Rho | Objective iTL | Objective eTL | Subjective eTL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRavg | HRmax | PL/min | PL | eTL*min | eTL | ||
TD | r | 0.26 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.87 ** |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
n | 3205 | 3175 | 3273 | 3273 | 1088 | 1480 | |
eTL | r | 0.26 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.89 ** | |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
n | 3205 | 3175 | 3273 | 3273 | 1088 | ||
eTL*min | r | 0.12 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.09 * | 0.27 ** | ||
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | |||
n | 1031 | 1031 | 1088 | 1088 | |||
PL | r | 0.47 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.66 ** | |||
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
n | 3175 | 3175 | 3273 | ||||
PL/min | r | 0.57 ** | 0.51 ** | ||||
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
n | 3175 | 3175 | |||||
HRmax | r | 0.88 ** | |||||
p | 0.00 | ||||||
n | 3175 |
Intensity | Spearman’s Rho | Ob. iTL | Sub. iTL | Ob. eTL | Sub. eTL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRavg | HRmax | RPE | PL/min | PL | eTL/min | eTL | ||
TD | r | 0.15 ** | 0.11 ** | - | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.60 ** | 1.0 ** |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.00 | - | |
n | 711 | 711 | 674 | 722 | 722 | 400 | 728 | |
eTL | r | 0.15 ** | 0.11 ** | - | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.60 ** | |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.00 | ||
n | 711 | 711 | 674 | 722 | 722 | 400 | ||
eTL*min | r | 0.12 * | 0.13 ** | 0.08 | −0.19 ** | −0.08 | ||
p | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.13 | |||
n | 390 | 390 | 346 | 400 | 400 | |||
PL | r | 0.61 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.94 ** | |||
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
n | 805 | 805 | 668 | 817 | ||||
PL/min | r | 0.57 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.15 ** | ||||
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
n | 805 | 805 | 668 | |||||
RPE | r | 0.14 ** | 0.08 | |||||
p | 0.00 | 0.05 | ||||||
n | 658 | 658 | ||||||
HRmax | r | 0.91 ** | ||||||
p | 0.00 | |||||||
n | 805 |
HRavg | HRmax M(SD) | RPE | Borg Scale Equivalence | Approximate in bpm | Degree of Stress Intensity (% of max. Capacity) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
170.51 (22.18) | 188.33 (21.37) | 3.40 (1.86) | Fairly light | 110–130 | 30 |
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García-Ceberino, J.M.; Gamero, M.G.; Ibáñez, S.J.; Feu, S. Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education? Healthcare 2022, 10, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030428
García-Ceberino JM, Gamero MG, Ibáñez SJ, Feu S. Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education? Healthcare. 2022; 10(3):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030428
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Ceberino, Juan M., María G. Gamero, Sergio J. Ibáñez, and Sebastián Feu. 2022. "Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education?" Healthcare 10, no. 3: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030428
APA StyleGarcía-Ceberino, J. M., Gamero, M. G., Ibáñez, S. J., & Feu, S. (2022). Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education? Healthcare, 10(3), 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030428