Systematic Review of Diagnostic Tools and Interventions for Sarcopenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Information Sources
2.3. Search Strategy
2.4. Data Synthesis Strategy
2.5. Eligibility Criteria
2.5.1. Types of Participants
2.5.2. Types of Interventions and Comparators
2.5.3. Types of Outcome Measures
2.5.4. Types of Study Design
2.6. Study Selection
2.7. Data Extraction
2.8. Risk of Bias Assessment in the Included Studies
2.9. Ethics and Dissemination
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Sarcopenia Screening Measure(s)
3.3. Characteristics of Participants
3.4. Outcomes
3.5. Interventions
3.6. Risk-of-Bias (RoB)
3.6.1. Selection Bias
Random Sequence Generation
Allocation Concealment
3.6.2. Performance Bias
3.6.3. Detection Bias
3.6.4. Attrition Bias
3.6.5. Reporting Bias
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Evidence
4.2. Limitations and Future Lines
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data availability statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Year) | Sarcopenia Screening Measures | Participant Characteristics | Interventions (Combined_A_B, RET, AET, N, and Health Education) | Primary Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. So (2016) [14] | BMI/body fat% ≥ 35% ASM < 5.14 kg/m2 | SO (F) EG (n = 10, age = 67.9 years) CG (n = 10, age = 69.0 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per week | Body composition Fat (−)/FFM (+)/ASM (+) |
2. Chun et al. (2019) [15] | Obesity: body fat ≥ 30% AWGS DXA | SO (F) A3-G = AEG (n = 14, age = 74.7 years) A5-G = AEG (n = 12, age = 72.7 years) R3-G = RET (n = 17, age = 74.2 years) R5-G = RET (n = 13, age = 73.8 years) CG (n = 18, age = 72.4 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 6 weeks, 3 times per week 16 weeks, 5 times per week | Functional fitness test Chair stand test (+) Arm curl test (+) Chair sit and reach (+) Back scratch test (+) 2-min step test (+) 2.44 m Up-and-Go test (−) |
3. Chun et al. (2018) [16] | Obesity: body fat ≥ 30% AWGS DXA | SO (F) A3-G = AEG (n = 14, age = 74.7 years) A5-G = AEG (n = 12, age = 72.7 years) R3-G = RET (n = 17, age = 74.2 years) R5-G = RET (n = 13, age = 73.8 years) CG (n = 18, age = 72.4 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 16 weeks, 3 times per week 16 weeks, 5 times per week | Inflammatory factors CRP (−) ILs (+) Adiponectin (+) |
4. Jung et al. (2017) [17] | ASM < 5.4 kg/m2 | S (F) SG = EG (n = 12, age = 74.42 years) CG (n = 12, age = 73.58 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per week | Daily living fitness (+) |
5. Park et al. (2018) [18] | AWGS | S (F and M) SG = EG (n = 22, age = 72 years) CG (n = 21, age = 72 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks; total = 36 Self-efficacy education related motivation | Parameter muscle ASM (+)/-SMI (+)/-Handgrip strength (+) |
6. Lee et al. (2017) [19] | ASM < 5.4 kg/m2 | S (F) SG = EG (n = 12, age = 74.42 years) CG (n = 12/age = 73.58 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 36 | Ambulatory abilities (−) An ordinary pace (−) A quick pace (−) |
7. Jung et al. (2012) [20] | BMI/body fat percentage ≥ 35% ASM < 5.14 kg/m2 DXA (Technical Insights, Inc.; Worthington, OH, USA) | SO (F) SOG = EG (n = 9, age = 74.10 years) NOG (n = 12, age = 74.82 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 16 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 48 | Body composition -Fat FFM (arms + legs + trunk) ASM (arms + legs) |
8. Hong et al. (2015) [21] | DXA (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare Technologies, Chicago, IL, USA) Muscle index (limb muscle mass/weight) × 100 < 25.1% | S (F) SG = EG (n = 10, age = 80.50 years) CG (n = 12, age = 78.0 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 30–50 min | Body composition Weight (+)/Percentage fat (−)/TMM (+)/SMI-related factors Upper Limb (+)/Lower Limb (+)/-ASM (+)/-SMI (+) |
9. Park et al. (2020) [22] | <20 kg | S (F) SG = EG (n = 8, age = 8 years) CG (n = 8, age = 8 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 15 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 60 min | Body composition Weight (+)/Percentage fat (−)/SMM (+)/WHR (−) |
10. Jung et al. (2013) [23] | BMI/body fat percentage ≥ 35% ASM < 5.14 kg/m2 | SO (F) SOG = EG (n = 9, age = 74.10 years) NOG (n = 12, age = 74.82 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 16 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 48/50–60 min | Body composition Fat/FFM (arms + legs + trunk)/ASM (arms + legs) |
11. Park et al. (2010) [24] | lean mass index (appendicular lean mass in kg/height in meters)/ASM = 27.3 kg | S (F) SG = EG (n = 10, age = 80.3 years) CG (n = 10, age = 81.2 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 36/60 min | Weight (+)/Percentage fat (−)/Lean body mass 2-min step/Arm curl/chair sit and reach Back scratch/8 Foot Up-and-Go test |
12. Huang et al. (2017) [25] | SMI < 27.6% BF > 30% | SO (F) SG = RET (n = 10, age = 80.3 years) CG (n = 10, age = 81.2 years) | RET = Elastic band resistance training 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks; total = 36/60 min | Body composition Percentage fat (−) -TMM (+) |
13. Adams et al. (2016) [26] | SMI < 27.6% | S (F) RET (n = 64, age = 48.8 years) AET (n = 66, age = 48.9 years) CG (n = 70, age = 47.4 years) | RET (resistance exercise training) AET (aerobic exercise training) CG/4 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 36/60 min | RET (SMI (kg/m2) (+) AET (SMI (kg/m2) (+) CG (SMI (kg/m2) (+) |
14. Balachandran et al. (2014) [27] | Obesity: BMI > 30 SMI Men < 10.76/m2 Women < 6.76/m2 Grip strength Men < 30 kg/Women < 20 kg | SO (F and M) SG = EG (n = 8, age = 71.6 years) CG = hypertrophy (n = 9, age = 71 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 15 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 40–45 min | Body function SPPB modified (+) |
15. Barbat-Artiga et al. (2016) [28] | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 Body fat ≥ 40% | SO (F) SG = EG (n = 50, age = 57 years) CG (n = 50, age = 51 years) | Combined_B1(AET + dietary plan) 3 weeks, 6 times per weeks; total = 60 min | Body composition |
16. Gadelha et al. (2016) [29] | AFFM | SO (F) SG = EG (n = 64, age = 66.79 years) CG (n = 64, age = 67.27 years) | RET 24 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 60 min | Body composition Body mass (−)/BMI (−)/FFM (−) Relative FFM (−)/AFFM (−) |
17. Zdzieblik et al. (2015) [30] | Handheld dynamometer Handgrip strength (<32 kg) DXA: measurement of muscle mass for sarcopenia classes I and II | S (M) EG (n = 26, age = 72.2 years) CG (n = 27, age = 72.2 years) | RET (resistance training program) 12 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 60 min Protein supplementation: collagen peptides/d Dietary intake | Body composition Body mass (−)/BMI (−)/FFM (−) Relative FFM (−) AFFM (−) |
18. Zhou et al. (2018) [31] | AWGS | SO (M) EA + AA (n = 23, age = 70.35 years) AA (n = 25, age = 68.8 years) | EA (electrical acupuncture): orally twice per day for 28 weeks AA: every 3 days, for 12 weeks | Body composition BFP (−) |
19. Zhu et al. (2019) [32] | AWGS | S (F and M) RET + nutrition (n = 36, age = 74.8 years) RET (n = 40, age = 74.5 years) | RET (resistance training program) 24 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min The nutrition supplement consisted of two sachets of Ensure NutriVigor (Abbot Nutritional Products, Abbot Park, IL, United States) daily from baseline to 12 weeks. Each sachet (54.1 g powder) contains 231 calories, 8.61 g protein, 1.21 g | RET + Nutri RET Gait speed |
20. Shahar et al. (2013) [33] | SMI Men < 10.75/m2 Women < 6.75/m2 | S (F and M) EXR (AET + RET, n = 19, age = 69.74 years), PrG (n = 15, age = 65.93 years) EXR + PrG (n = 15, age = 65.20 years) CG (n = 16, age = 67.25 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min Protein: 1 soy protein drink a day (23% protein, 0.8% fat, 0.3% carbohydrates) | Body composition Weight (+)/BMI (+) Body fat (+)/FFM (+) Muscle (+)/Body water (+) |
21. Maltais et al. (2016) [34] | Lean mass index < 10.75 kg | SO (M) RET (n = 8, age = 64 years) RET + dairy shake (n = 8, age = 8 years) Control (n = 10, age = 64 years) | RET (resistance training program) 16 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 60 min Control: Rice milk was used as a control supplement. Dairy shake: To attain the stipulated amount of protein, milk powder was added to 1% chocolate cow milk. Non-dairy protein shake: This consisted of a chocolate soy beverage to which commercial essential amino acids were added. | Body composition |
22. Kim et al. (2016) [35] | Body fat ≥ 32% SMI < 5.67 kg/m2 Grip strength < 17.0 kg Walking speed < 1.0 m/s | SO (F) Exercise + nutrition (n = 36, age = 80.9 years) Exercise (n = 35, age = 81.4 years) Nutrition (n = 34, age = 81.2 years) Health education (CG, n = 34, age = 81.1 years) | Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 12 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min Nutrition (20 mg vitamin D, every 2 weeks taken daily with water for 3 months) Amino acid supplementation/Tea | Muscle mass Bodyweight/-ASM |
23. Kim et al. (2013) [36] | Body fat percent ≥ 32% SMI < 5.67 kg/m2 Grip strength < 17.0 kg Walking speed < 1.0 m/s | S (F) EX + TC (n = 32, age = 81.1 years) Ex (n = 32, age = 79.6 years) TC (n = 32, age = 80.0 years) HE (n = 32, age = 80.2 years) | Combined_A (complex:RET + AET) 12 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min Nutrition (20 mg vitamin D, every 2 weeks taken daily with water for 3 months.) Amino acid supplementation/Tea catechins (every 2 weeks, 1 bottle to drink daily for 3 months). Health education | Body composition Body mass Appendicular skeletal muscle Leg muscle mass |
24. Liao et al. (2017) [37] | TSM SMI < 27.6% BF > 30% | SO (F) RET (n = 25, age = 66.39 years) Control (n = 21, age = 68.42 years) | RET (resistance training program) 12 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 45–55 min | Body composition (+) |
25. Dimori et al. (2018) [38] | EWGSOP algorithm | S (F and M) Nutrition (n = 17, age = 86.5 years) RET + AET + Nutrition (n = 22, age = 85.6 years) | Combined_B (complex: RET + AET + nutrition) 48 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 40 min | Body composition -BIA/SMM/SMI |
26. Chen et al. (2017) [39] | ASM Men ≤ 32.5% Women ≤ 25.7% BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | SO (F and M) RET (n = 15, age = 68.9 years) AET (n = 15, age = 69.3 years) Combination (n = 15, age = 68.5 years) Control (n = 15, age = 68.6 years) | RET 8 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min AET 8 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min Combined_A (complex: RET + AET) 8 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min | Body composition Weight/SMM/ASM/weight BFM/BMI/BFP/VFA |
27. Rondanelli et al. (2016) [40] | Relative muscle mass Men = 7.26 kg/m2 Women = 5.5 kg/m2 | S (F and M) RET + dietary G (n = 69, age = 80.77 years) Placebo (n = 6, age = 80.21 years) Food intake was based on a balanced diet. | RET: Physical activity 20-min exercise sessions daily, 5 times/week for 12 weeks. | Physical activity |
28. Nabuco et al.(2019) [41] | SO was defined as a body fat mass ≥35% combined with ALST < 15.02 kg, assessed by DXA | SO (F) Whey + RET + Placebo (n = 22, age = 68.22) Placebo + RET + WHY (n = 21, age = 69.2) Placebo + RET + Placebo (n = 23, age = 70.1) | Resistance training program 16 weeks, 3 times per week; total = 80 min | Muscle mass |
29. Corsetto et al. (2019) [42] | Relative muscle mass Men < 7.26 kg/m2 Women < 5.5 kg/m2 | S (F and M) Supplement (n = 69, age = 80.77 years) Placebo (n = 61, age = 80.21 years) | Resistance training program 12 weeks, 5 times per week | Plasma fatty acids and oxidative stress markers of physical activity and amino acid supplementation |
30. Choi et al. (2020) [43] | SMI < 30.52% | S (M) SG = EG (n = 23, age = 73.09 ± 1.69 years), SCG = CG (n = 24, age = 68.46 ± 2.20 years) | Combined_C1 (exercise + education) Exer: 12 weeks, 2–3 times per week Edu: 5 times a week, 12 weeks (1st: 55 min, 3rd: 60 min, 5th: 60 min, 9th: 60 min, 12th: 55 min) | SSEB (+) |
31. Bauer et al. (2015) [44] | SPPB = 4–9, 20 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2 SMI Men < 37% Women < 28% | S (F and M) SG = NT (n = 184, age = 77.3 ± 6.7 years) CG (n = 196, age = 78.1 ± 7.0 years) | NT: 13 weeks, 7 times per week; total = 182 min | Muscle strength Handgrip strength (kg) (+)/-SPPB (+) Function Chair stand time (s) (+), Balance test, -Gait speed (m/s) (−) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) (+) Serum IGF-1 (ug/L) (+) |
32. Chan et al. (2017) [45] | CSHA-CFS score 3–6 | S (F and M) SG = EG (n = 143, age = 71.6 ± 4.28 years) SG = Control Group (n = 146, age = 71.3 ± 4.54 years) | EG = Combine F (RET + edu + psychotherapy) 12 weeks, RET 2 times per week + edu once for 2 months, psychotherapy once per month Control = Combine C1 2 weeks, RET 2 times per week + edu once for 2 months. | Body composition |
33. Pandya (2019) [46] | Low muscle mass, low gait speed (<0.8 m/s in the 4-min walking test), low muscular strength (grip strength < 20 kg) | SO (F) Yoga = EG (pre: n = 788, age = 64.01 ± 3.86 years; post: n = 703, age = 73.21 ± 2.98 years) Control (pre: n = 788, age = 63.29 ± 4.01 years; post: n = 703, age = 72.33 ± 3.7 years) | Yoga Once a week for 480 weeks | DGI (+) Manual muscle test-8 (+)/Chair stand, arm curl (+) 6-min walk (+)/2-min step (+)/Chair sit and reach (inches) (+) Back scratch (inches) (+)/8 foot Up-and-Go test (s) (−) |
34. Kim et al. (2012) [47] | Skeletal muscle mass/height2 < 6.42 kg/m2 and knee extension strength < 1.01 Nm/kg Skeletal muscle mass/height2 < 6.42 kg/m2 and usual walking speed < 1.22 m/s BMI < 22.0 kg/m2 and knee extension strength < 1.01 Nm/kg BMI < 22.0 kg/m2 and usual walking speed < 1.22 m/s | S (F) Combine 1 (n = 38, age = 79.5 ± 2.9 years) Exercise (n = 39, age = 79 ± 2.9 years) Nutrition (n = 39, age = 79.2 ± 2.8 years) Health education (n = 39, age = 78.7 ± 2.8 years) | Combine 1 (RET + NT) 12 weeks, twice per week. Total = 60 min, twice a day. The nutrition supplement consisted of 3 g amino acid × 2. RET 12 weeks, 2 times per week; total = 60 min twice a day Nutrition—twice a day The nutrition supplement consisted of 3 g amino acid × 2. Health education Once a month | Muscle mass (kg) (+) ASM (kg) (+))/LMM (+) Leg muscle mass (kg)(+)/BMI (−) Usual walking speed (m/s) (+) Maximum walking speed (m/s) (+) Knee extension strength (Nm) (+) |
35.Sammarco et al. (2017) [48] | Fat mass > 34.8%, Fat-free mass < 90%, BMI > 25 kg/m2 | SO (F) Nutrition (n = 9, X) Control (n = 9, X) | Nutrition 16 weeks, once a day. The nutrition supplement consisted of low calorie high protein diet 15 g protein + 1.2–1.4 g/kg body weight reference protein Cont Low calorie high protein diet 15 g protein + placebo | Body composition Weight (kg) (−)/-FFM (kg) (+) FAT (kg) (−)/-FAT (%) (−) REE (kcal/day) (−) REE/FFM (kcal/kg) (−) |
36. Kemmler et al. (2017) [49] | FNIH and EWGSOP SMI < 0.789 Obesity: body fat > 27% | SO (M) WB + EMS + nutrition (n = 33, age = 77.1 ± 4.3 years) Nutrition (n = 33, age = 78.1 ± 5.1 years) Control (n = 33, age = 76.9 ± 5.1 years) | WB_EMS + Nutri -1.5 times per month + 1.7–1.8 g/kg per day body mass (100 g/day, 80 g protein, 9 g high L-leucine, 57 g essential amino acid, 2.8% fat, 6.4% carbohydrates) Placebo 800 IU cholecalciferol | Sarcopenia Z-score Total body fat (%) SMI/Handgrip strength (kg) |
37. Bellomo et al. (2013) [50] | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Muscle mass index = muscle mass/height less than two deviations below the mean of a young reference population | S (M) Sensorimotor training (n = 10) Exercise (n = 10) Vibratory (n = 10) Control (n = 10) | Sensorimotor training 12 weeks, twice a week. Total = 20 min Exercise 12 weeks, twice a week. Vibratory 12 weeks Weeks 1–8: once a week Weeks 9–12: twice a week Total = 15 min Control | Leg extension 90 right limb Leg extension 90 bilateral limb Eye open and close sway area Eye open ellipse surface (mm) Eye close ellipse surface (mm) Half-step length (cm) Step width (cm) |
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Cheong, M.J.; Kang, Y.; Kim, S.; Kang, H.W. Systematic Review of Diagnostic Tools and Interventions for Sarcopenia. Healthcare 2022, 10, 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020199
Cheong MJ, Kang Y, Kim S, Kang HW. Systematic Review of Diagnostic Tools and Interventions for Sarcopenia. Healthcare. 2022; 10(2):199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020199
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheong, Moon Joo, Yeonseok Kang, Sungchul Kim, and Hyung Won Kang. 2022. "Systematic Review of Diagnostic Tools and Interventions for Sarcopenia" Healthcare 10, no. 2: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020199
APA StyleCheong, M. J., Kang, Y., Kim, S., & Kang, H. W. (2022). Systematic Review of Diagnostic Tools and Interventions for Sarcopenia. Healthcare, 10(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020199