Impacts of Internet Use on Chinese Patients’ Trust-Related Primary Healthcare Utilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
Variables
2.2. Statistical Analysis and Methodology
3. Results
3.1. The Impact of Patients’ Trust in Physicians and Internet Use
- (1)
- Other variables defined in Table 1 are also controlled, but not reported, in all specifications, * is interactive effect of patients’ trust in physicians and internet use on primary healthcare-seeking.
- (2)
- *** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.10.
Primary Healthcare Seeking | dy/dx | Delta-Method Std. Err. | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet use | 0.570 | |||||
Patients’ trust in physicians | 0.0009 | |||||
Patients’ trust in physicians | 1 | −0.002 (−0.003~−0.002) | 0.0002 | −14.86 | 0 | |
2 | −0.001 (−0.002~−0.0010) | 0.0002 | −7.5 | 0 | ||
3 | −0.0004 (−0.0008~0.00002) | 0.0002 | −1.84 | 0.04 | ||
4 | 0.0006 (0.00007~0.001) | 0.0002 | 2.25 | 0.024 | ||
5 | 0.001 (0.0009~0.001) | 0.0003 | 5.22 | 0 | ||
6 | 0.002 (0.002~0.003) | 0.0003 | 7.41 | 0 | ||
7 | 0.003 (0.003~0.004) | 0.0004 | 9.07 | 0 | ||
8 | 0.004 (0.004~0.005) | 0.0004 | 10.37 | 0 | ||
9 | 0.005 (0.004~0.006) | 0.0005 | 11.4 | 0 | ||
10 | 0.006 (0.005~0.007) | 0.0005 | 12.24 | 0 |
3.2. Effects of Urbanization, Aging, and Level of Primary Healthcare Service on Primary Healthcare Seeking
3.3. Robustness Checks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Observation (N = 28,721) | Description (%/X ± SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | |||
The primary healthcare seeking | 1 = Primary care facilities | 18,292 | 63.7 |
0 = Otherwise | 10,429 | 36.3 | |
Independent variables | |||
Patients’ trust in physicians | 0~10 | 28,721 | 6.81 ± 2.345 |
Internet use | Hours | 28,721 | 3.197 ± 8.124 |
Control variables | |||
Gender | 1 = Male | 14,048 | 48.9 |
0 = Female | 14,673 | 51.1 | |
Age (years) | |||
Residence status | 0 = Miss | 475 | 1.7 |
1 = Urban | 13,887 | 48.4 | |
2 = Rural | 14,359 | 50.0 | |
Education status | 1 = Illiterate | 7850 | 27.3 |
2 = Primary school or Middle school | 14,275 | 49.7 | |
3 = High school/secondary school/technical school/Junior college | 4185 | 14.6 | |
4 = University or above | 2411 | 8.4 | |
Health insurance | 1 = Public medical care | 855 | 3.0 |
2 = Urban employee medical insurance | 3813 | 13.3 | |
3 = Urban resident medical insurance (including one old and one small insurance) | 2486 | 8.7 | |
4 = Supplementary medical insurance | 209 | 0.7 | |
5 = New rural cooperative medical insurance | 18,790 | 65.4 | |
6 = None of the above | 2568 | 8.9 | |
Marital status | 1 = Unmarried | 3470 | 12.1 |
2 = Married/living together | 23,605 | 82.2 | |
3 = Divorced/Widowed | 1646 | 5.7 | |
Location | 1 = East | 13,023 | 45.3 |
2 = Central | 9289 | 32.3 | |
3 = West | 6409 | 22.3 | |
Self-reported health status | 1= Excellent | 4050 | 14.1 |
2 = Very good | 5853 | 20.4 | |
3 = Good | 9975 | 34.7 | |
4 = Fair | 4296 | 15.0 | |
5 = Poor | 4542 | 15.8 | |
Chronic disease | 1 = Yes | 4874 | 17.0 |
0 = No | 23,847 | 83.0 | |
Religious belief | 1 = Yes | 7776 | 27.1 |
0 = No | 20,945 | 72.9 | |
Heterogeneity analysis variables | |||
Aging level | |||
Urbanization level | |||
PHC service level | The number of people covered by each PHC institution ) The number of PHC personnel per 10,000 people ) The number of beds in PHC institutions per 10,000 people ) The average number of diagnoses and treatments per year in each PHC institution ) The average number of hospital admissions per year in each PHC institution The utilization rate of hospital beds in community health service The utilization rate of hospital beds in township–village health centers |
Primary Healthcare Seeking | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Patients’ trust in physicians | 0.055 (<0.01) | 0.048 (<0.01) | |
Internet use | −0.002 (<0.01) | −0.0007 (<0.01) | |
Patients’ trust in physicians * Internet use | 0.0008 (<0.01) |
Patients’ Trust in Physicians | Internet Use | Patients’ Trust in Physicians * Internet Use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary healthcare seeking | ||||
Low-level urbanization | Model 1 | 0.049 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.043 (<0.01) | −0.001 (<0.01) | 0.007 (<0.01) | |
High-level urbanization | Model 1 | 0.062 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.054 (<0.01) | −0.004 (<0.01) | 0.009 (<0.01) | |
Low-level aging | Model 1 | 0.053 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.048 (<0.01) | −0.008 (<0.01) | 0.007 (<0.01) | |
High-level aging | Model 1 | 0.056 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.049 (<0.01) | −0.006 (<0.01) | 0.001 (<0.01) | |
Low-level primary healthcare | Model 1 | 0.056 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.050 (<0.01) | −0.008 (<0.01) | 0.007 (<0.01) | |
High-level of primary healthcare | Model 1 | 0.053 (<0.01) | ||
Model 2 | −0.002 (<0.01) | |||
Model 3 | 0.046 (<0.01) | −0.009 (<0.01) | 0.001 (<0.01) |
Primary Healthcare Seeking | Marginal Effects | Urbanization Level | Primary Healthcare Service Level | Aging Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-Level | High-Level | Low-Level | High-Level | Low-Level | High-Level | ||
Trust | Patients’ trust in physicians | 0.049 | 0.064 | 0.0586 | 0.0540 | 0.0551 | 0.0574 |
Internet use | 0.0008 | 0.001 | 0.0009 | 0.0010 | 0.0007 | 0.0010 |
Primary Healthcare Seeking | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Patients’ trust in physicians | 0.295 (< 0.05) | 0.257 (0.003) | |
Internet use | −0.019 (<0.01) | −0.016 (<0.01) | |
Patients’ trust in physicians * Internet use | 0.005 (<0.01) |
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Lu, J.; Bai, J.; Guo, Q.; Zhou, Z.; Yang, X.; Yu, Q. Impacts of Internet Use on Chinese Patients’ Trust-Related Primary Healthcare Utilization. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102114
Lu J, Bai J, Guo Q, Zhou Z, Yang X, Yu Q. Impacts of Internet Use on Chinese Patients’ Trust-Related Primary Healthcare Utilization. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102114
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Jiao, Jingyan Bai, Qingqing Guo, Zhongliang Zhou, Xiaowei Yang, and Qi Yu. 2022. "Impacts of Internet Use on Chinese Patients’ Trust-Related Primary Healthcare Utilization" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102114