Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: Is It a Clinical Entity?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. OCD-Related Aspects
3.3. Temporal Course of OCD and Schizophrenia
3.4. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Insight
4.2. Sociodemographic Profiles and Clinical Characteristics
4.3. Temporal Course of OCD and Schizophrenia
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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OCD with PD (n = 28) (%) | OCD without PD (n = 58) (%) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Men | 20 (71.4) | 26 (44.8) | 0.02 |
Women | 8 (28.6) | 32 (55.2) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 29.7 (10.7) | 31.2 (11.9) | 0.579 |
Marital status | |||
Married | 0 (0.0) | 14 (24.1) | 0.004 |
Unmarried | 28 (100.0) | 44 (75.9) | |
Housemates | |||
Living alone | 4 (14.3) | 11 (19.0) | 0.765 |
Cohabiting or living in an institution | 24 (85.7) | 47 (81.0) | |
Educational level | |||
High school or higher, including current students | 20 (71.4) | 51 (87.9) | 0.059 |
Junior high school, including current students | 8 (28.6) | 7 (12.1) | |
Present employment status | |||
Employed, housewife, or current student | 5 (17.9) | 18 (31.0) | 0.298 |
Unemployed or on a leave of absence from duty or school | 23 (82.1) | 40 (69.0) | |
Physical comorbidity | |||
Yes | 10 (35.7) | 18 (31.0) | 0.584 |
No | 17 (60.7) | 40 (69.0) | |
Family history of psychiatric illness | |||
Yes | 18 (64.3) | 29 (50.0) | 0.212 |
No | 10 (35.7) | 29 (50.0) | |
Psychiatric comorbidity | |||
Mood disorder | 13 (46.4) | 27 (46.5) | 0.991 |
Anxiety disorder | 10 (35.7) | 16 (27.6) | 0.462 |
Autism spectrum disorder | 3 (10.7) | 14 (24.1) | 0.247 |
Self-harm attempt | |||
Yes | 12 (42.9) | 18 (31.0) | 0.281 |
No | 16 (57.1) | 40 (69.0) |
Variables | OCD with PD (n = 28) | OCD without PD (n = 58) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Insight into obsessive compulsive symptoms, n (%) | |||
Poor to absent/delusional | 23 (82.1) | 18 (31.0) | <0.001 |
Good to fair | 5 (17.9) | 40 (69.0) | |
Age at OCD onset, mean (SD) | 16.3 (6.2) | 19.9 (9.4) | 0.033 |
Duration of untreated OCD (yr), mean (SD) | 7.4 (7.4) | 5.6 (7.4) | 0.295 |
Duration of OCD (yr), mean (SD) | 14.0 (9.8) | 11.3 (9.9) | 0.232 |
First consultation with a health care provider for OCD | |||
Voluntary | 9 (32.1) | 35 (60.3) | 0.014 |
Involuntary | 19 (67.9) | 23 (39.7) | |
GRID-HAMD, mean (SD) | 16.9 (8.6) | 16.8 (8.9) | 0.961 |
Y-BOCS, mean (SD) | 27.5 (9.7) | 26.2 (9.0) | 0.555 |
Types of obsession, n (%) | |||
Aggression | 11 (39.3) | 24 (41.4) | 0.853 |
Contamination | 22 (78.6) | 39 (67.2) | 0.278 |
Sexual | 1 (3.6) | 2 (3.4) | 1.000 |
Hoarding | 2 (7.1) | 11 (19.0) | 0.207 |
Religious | 1 (3.6) | 1 (1.7) | 0.548 |
Symmetry/exactness | 4 (14.3) | 16 (27.6) | 0.276 |
Somatic | 4 (14.3) | 11 (19.0) | 0.765 |
Miscellaneous | 9 (32.1) | 21 (36.2) | 0.711 |
Types of compulsion, n (%) | |||
Cleaning/washing | 22 (78.6) | 38 (65.5) | 0.217 |
Checking | 12 (42.9) | 34 (58.6) | 0.170 |
Repeating | 11 (39.3) | 24 (41.4) | 0.615 |
Counting | 1 (3.6) | 5 (8.6) | 0.659 |
Ordering/arranging | 2 (7.1) | 6 (10.3) | 1.000 |
Hoarding/collecting | 2 (7.1) | 7 (12.1) | 0.712 |
Miscellaneous | 5 (17.9) | 8 (13.8) | 0.749 |
GAF, mean (SD) | 22.7 (13.8) | 38.0 (15.9) | <0.001 |
CGI-S, mean (SD) | 6.7 (0.48) | 6.1 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Variables | Level | Odds Ratio | 95%CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insight into obsessive compulsive symptoms | Poor to absent/delusional vs. good to fair | 0.065 | 0.013–0.318 | 0.001 |
Gender | Male vs. female | 0.443 | 0.123–1.604 | 0.215 |
GAF | 0.927 | 0.874–0.983 | 0.012 | |
CGI-S | 0.895 | 0.262–3.053 | 0.859 | |
Age at OCD onset | 0.969 | 0.881–1.065 | 0.513 | |
First consultation for OCD | Voluntary vs. involuntary | 0.513 | 0.113–2.328 | 0.387 |
Marital status | Unmarried vs. married | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.998 |
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Okamura, Y.; Murahashi, Y.; Umeda, Y.; Misumi, T.; Asami, T.; Itokawa, M.; Harima, H.; Mizuno, M.; Matsunaga, H.; Hishimoto, A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: Is It a Clinical Entity? Healthcare 2022, 10, 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101910
Okamura Y, Murahashi Y, Umeda Y, Misumi T, Asami T, Itokawa M, Harima H, Mizuno M, Matsunaga H, Hishimoto A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: Is It a Clinical Entity? Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101910
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkamura, Yasushi, Yuki Murahashi, Yuna Umeda, Toshihiro Misumi, Takeshi Asami, Masanari Itokawa, Hirohiko Harima, Masafumi Mizuno, Hisato Matsunaga, and Akitoyo Hishimoto. 2022. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: Is It a Clinical Entity?" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101910
APA StyleOkamura, Y., Murahashi, Y., Umeda, Y., Misumi, T., Asami, T., Itokawa, M., Harima, H., Mizuno, M., Matsunaga, H., & Hishimoto, A. (2022). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: Is It a Clinical Entity? Healthcare, 10(10), 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101910