The Effect of Auriculotherapy on Situational Anxiety Trigged by Examinations: A Randomized Pilot Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Setting
- Able to sign the informed consent.
- Aged above or equal to 18 years or older.
- Unfamiliar with AA.
- Psychological disorders based on Brief Symptom Inventory scale.
- Students with any neurological disease, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, or chronic disease history.
- Known to be pregnant.
- Participants taking psychiatric medication.
2.3. Study Intervention
2.4. Types of Outcome Measures
2.5. Primary Outcome
2.6. Secondary Outcomes
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Anxiety Levels One Month, 24 h, and Immediately before Exam
3.2. Anxiety Levels Using State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory
3.3. Anxiety Levels Based on Visual Analogue Scale
3.4. Salivary Cortisol
3.5. Sleep Quality
3.6. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Auriculotherapy | Waiting List | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Intake | Yes No | 0% 100% | 0% 100% | |
Coffee | n M (SD) | 13 1.38 (1.26) | 13 1.6 (1.3) | 0.998 |
Smoking Habits | Yes No | 66.7% 47.8% | 33.3% 52.2% | |
Height (cm) | n M (SD) | 13 1.65 (0.08) | 13 1.67 (0.76) | 0.458 |
Weight (kg) | n M (SD) | 11 68.18 (23.5) | 13 67.15 (12.73) | 0.892 |
Gender | Female Male | 10 3 | 10 3 | |
Age | n M (SD) | 12 20.08 (1.72) | 12 20.38 (1.89) | 0.683 |
STAI-Trace | M (SD) n | 44.8 (7.9) 13 | 42.8 (8.4) 13 | 0.269 13 |
Outcome | Time Points | Auriculotherapy Group M (SD) | Significance | Waiting List Group M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 13 | 13 | ||
State Anxiety Inventory | I | 38.5 (9.7) | 0.451 | 41.5 (10.1) |
II | 43.7 (12.4) | 0.183 | 50.23 (11.5) | |
III | 41.4 (10.2) | 0.046 | 50.3 (11.2) | |
IV | 44.1 (8.2) | 0.001 | 59.0 (10.7) | |
Visual Analogue Scale | II | 5.5 (1.85) | 0.840 | 5.8 (1.1) |
III | 5.3 (1.7) | 0.479 | 5.8 (1.1) | |
IV | 5.3 (1.6) | 0.016 | 6.9 (1.1) |
Time Points | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Comparation | TP I | p | TPII | p | TP III | p | TP IV | p |
Salivary cortisol from original data (ug/dL) | Auriculotherapy Group M (SD) | 0.51 (0.28) n = 12 | 0.374 | 0.34 (0.17) n = 10 | 0.047 | 0.25 (0.06) n = 11 | N.A | 0.49 + 0.21 n = 12 | 0.431 |
Waiting list group M (SD) | 0.47 (0.20) n = 8 | 0.21 (0.12) n = 8 | N.A | 0.47 (0.31) n = 12 |
Outcome | Comparation | n | M (SD) | t | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salivary cortisol from original data (ug/dL) | Par 1: TP I—TP IV (auriculotherapy group) | 12 | 0.19 (0.31) | 0.215 | 11 | 0.417 |
Par 1: TP I—TP IV (waiting list group) | 7 | 0.01 (0.18) | 0.197 | 6 | 0.425 | |
Par 2: TP II—TP III (auriculotherapy group) | 9 | 0.10 (0.13) | 2.291 | 8 | 0.026 |
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Vieira, A.; Sousa, P.; Moura, A.; Lopes, L.; Silva, C.; Robinson, N.; Machado, J.; Moreira, A. The Effect of Auriculotherapy on Situational Anxiety Trigged by Examinations: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101816
Vieira A, Sousa P, Moura A, Lopes L, Silva C, Robinson N, Machado J, Moreira A. The Effect of Auriculotherapy on Situational Anxiety Trigged by Examinations: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101816
Chicago/Turabian StyleVieira, Andreia, Paula Sousa, Alexandra Moura, Lara Lopes, Cristiane Silva, Nicola Robinson, Jorge Machado, and António Moreira. 2022. "The Effect of Auriculotherapy on Situational Anxiety Trigged by Examinations: A Randomized Pilot Trial" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101816
APA StyleVieira, A., Sousa, P., Moura, A., Lopes, L., Silva, C., Robinson, N., Machado, J., & Moreira, A. (2022). The Effect of Auriculotherapy on Situational Anxiety Trigged by Examinations: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Healthcare, 10(10), 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101816