Feature Selection for Colon Cancer Detection Using K-Means Clustering and Modified Harmony Search Algorithm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Materials and Methods
Algorithm 1. Pseudocode of Modified Harmony Search Algorithm |
1. Set the parameters BDR, HMS, HMCR, PAR 2. Set itr: =0 {iteration initialization} 3. Initialize Harmony with 0 and 1 (binary value) 4. BDR = HMS*0.2 //set the upper and lower area boundary 5. For (i = 1: i ≤ HMS) then 6. generate initial Harmony 7. End for 8. Repeat 9. For ( = 1: N) then //Harmony search in upper area 10. = Randomly select from to 11. end for 12. generate new Harmony ( 13. If (Rand(0,1) < HMCR) then //Harmony search in lower area 14. For ( = 1: N) then 15. Randomly select from to 16. If (Rand(0,1) < PAR) then 17. 18. end if 19. end for 20. generate new Harmony () 21. else 22. generate new Harmony randomly 23. end if 24. if (fit() < fit()) 25. update harmony memory 26. end if 27. set itr+=1 28. until (itr < maxit) 29. Get the best harmony |
4. Results
5. Comparisons with Other Method Surveys
6. Conclusions and Future Works
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient Number | Attribute 1 | After Z-Normalization |
---|---|---|
1 | 8589.4163 | 0.508776126 |
2 | 9164.2537 | 0.694628976 |
3 | 3825.705 | −1.031397365 |
4 | 6246.4487 | −0.248737577 |
5 | 3230.3287 | −1.223890725 |
6 | 2510.325 | −1.45667784 |
57 | 4653.2375 | −0.763844707 |
58 | 4972.1662 | −0.660730665 |
59 | 9112.3725 | 0.67785507 |
60 | 6730.625 | −0.092196709 |
61 | 6234.6225 | −0.252561151 |
62 | 7472.01 | 0.147503275 |
357 | 457 | 750 | 722 | 1635 | 982 | 936 | 1897 | 1515 | 316 | 1069 | 1170 | 158 | 737 | 640 | 482 | 109 | 980 | 43 | 1244 | AA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −0.1992 | 0.5071 | 0.1017 | −0.0684 | −0.6675 | −0.0300 | −0.5490 | −0.6626 | 0.1372 | −0.0531 | −0.3638 | −0.6533 | −0.5021 | −0.3102 | −0.2184 | −0.8842 | −0.8417 | 0.4786 | −0.2234 | −0.2627 | 0 |
2 | −0.7666 | 0.4399 | 0.5756 | 0.3717 | 0.9967 | 0.4240 | −0.2509 | 0.4489 | −0.0195 | −0.6426 | 1.8825 | −0.3336 | −0.1146 | 1.2792 | 0.3798 | −0.4430 | 0.1098 | 0.7575 | −0.7258 | 0.0056 | 1 |
3 | 3.0568 | −0.1159 | 1.2351 | −0.5044 | −0.8140 | −0.9917 | −0.7655 | −0.8108 | −1.2720 | −1.2896 | 0.7242 | −1.1906 | −0.5315 | −0.8249 | −0.8806 | −1.1246 | −1.1643 | 0.2576 | −1.3183 | −1.0884 | 0 |
4 | 1.2695 | −0.0903 | 0.8739 | −0.2384 | −0.5939 | −0.8132 | −0.7175 | −0.5897 | −0.5017 | −0.9306 | −0.3337 | −0.9889 | −0.6994 | 0.1333 | −0.4219 | −0.8763 | −1.1293 | 0.3639 | −1.0305 | −0.7914 | 1 |
5 | −0.0648 | −0.3319 | −0.6814 | −0.8450 | −0.6507 | −0.9795 | −0.5607 | −0.4224 | −1.1695 | −0.6220 | −0.3618 | −0.5248 | −0.3469 | −1.0208 | −0.3840 | −0.3813 | −0.3577 | 0.3520 | 0.1902 | −0.6380 | 0 |
6 | −0.2609 | −0.4963 | −1.1186 | −1.2516 | −0.2586 | −1.0143 | −0.7658 | 0.0749 | −1.2676 | −0.6466 | −0.7588 | −0.9889 | −0.5115 | −0.7993 | −0.9140 | −0.7159 | −1.1862 | −0.0364 | −0.9349 | −0.6244 | 1 |
7 | −0.6730 | 0.9887 | −0.1339 | −0.0290 | −0.7465 | −0.3074 | −0.3726 | −0.6688 | −0.8856 | −0.6814 | −0.8619 | −0.8984 | −0.3543 | −1.0381 | −0.2699 | −0.5531 | −0.5336 | −0.0188 | −0.5576 | −0.7322 | 0 |
8 | −0.6308 | −0.1363 | −0.8422 | −0.4778 | −0.3815 | −0.7124 | −0.3125 | −0.6811 | −1.2536 | −0.3774 | −0.3012 | −1.0148 | −0.1874 | −0.3649 | −0.6253 | −0.4677 | −1.0593 | 1.0362 | −1.0438 | −0.3638 | 1 |
9 | −1.0475 | 2.2475 | 1.6391 | 0.1700 | −0.8709 | 0.5576 | 0.8973 | −0.5581 | 1.4764 | 0.8136 | −0.5818 | −0.8986 | −0.2457 | −0.3360 | 0.9101 | 0.9838 | −1.0531 | 0.2195 | 1.7120 | −1.6739 | 0 |
10 | −0.2550 | 0.3901 | −0.1093 | −0.4833 | 0.5957 | −0.7036 | −0.5306 | 0.5286 | −1.0627 | −0.5627 | −0.3806 | 0.1106 | 0.9938 | −0.5130 | −0.1034 | −0.2700 | 0.5369 | 0.2222 | −0.5102 | 0.4171 | 1 |
11 | 0.4643 | 3.1825 | −0.3754 | 2.5536 | 0.3393 | 3.0958 | 0.8291 | −0.2470 | −0.7839 | 1.0607 | −0.1222 | 3.4112 | 3.1890 | −0.8244 | 5.5061 | 2.0606 | 3.0506 | 1.6047 | 1.6041 | −0.0807 | 0 |
12 | 1.0635 | 0.8152 | 0.8134 | 0.7939 | 0.4041 | 0.7287 | −0.3338 | 0.6967 | 0.2758 | 0.0028 | 1.3968 | −0.2761 | 0.2502 | 1.4674 | 0.5655 | −0.3176 | 0.1029 | 0.0466 | 0.0120 | −0.3680 | 1 |
13 | −0.3604 | −0.3781 | −0.5081 | −0.0171 | −0.2191 | −0.6880 | 0.0041 | −0.3768 | −0.9954 | −0.2205 | −0.5420 | −0.2176 | −0.5044 | −0.7372 | −0.5431 | −0.4008 | 0.2132 | 0.3524 | −0.0848 | −0.2478 | 0 |
14 | 0.6732 | −0.6340 | −0.5889 | −0.7660 | −0.0504 | −0.9001 | −0.5282 | −0.1615 | −0.7677 | −0.4724 | −0.5403 | −0.8730 | −0.8915 | −0.5668 | −0.7117 | −0.7386 | −0.4462 | 0.0252 | −0.4674 | −0.5418 | 1 |
15 | 0.1503 | −0.4892 | −0.0644 | −0.6390 | −0.4183 | −0.6987 | −0.1476 | −0.4740 | −0.3908 | 0.3067 | −0.1940 | −0.4529 | −0.2461 | −0.2099 | −0.6133 | −0.1809 | −0.3371 | 2.8237 | 0.4598 | 0.3234 | 0 |
16 | 0.1676 | −0.7636 | −0.6108 | −1.2205 | −0.5852 | −1.1287 | −0.2759 | −0.8298 | −0.8891 | 0.1060 | −0.8727 | −0.8725 | −0.8945 | −1.0600 | −0.9146 | −0.3240 | −0.0326 | 0.4168 | 0.0068 | −1.1281 | 1 |
17 | −0.5718 | −0.8460 | −1.2704 | −0.3834 | −0.8923 | −0.3836 | −0.5605 | −0.6439 | −1.2231 | −0.7155 | −0.8652 | −0.9879 | −1.1323 | −0.8553 | −0.4576 | −0.6124 | −0.9954 | −1.0213 | 0.5998 | −0.9727 | 0 |
18 | −0.9664 | −0.6742 | −1.2115 | −0.7833 | −0.0885 | −0.4719 | −0.8443 | −0.5524 | −1.2840 | −1.1437 | −0.9806 | −1.0695 | −1.2193 | −0.9612 | −0.4430 | −0.8493 | −1.1887 | −0.3629 | −1.0256 | −0.6510 | 1 |
19 | −1.0436 | −0.2089 | −0.6123 | −0.2747 | −0.9536 | −0.6383 | −0.2481 | −0.6895 | −0.7374 | −0.1340 | −0.7427 | −0.7266 | −0.9080 | −0.8854 | −0.0453 | −0.1587 | −1.2486 | −0.3400 | 0.2375 | −0.9134 | 0 |
20 | −0.2527 | 0.1530 | −1.2221 | −0.8715 | 0.4357 | −0.9488 | −0.5732 | 0.0302 | −1.3058 | −0.5522 | −0.7981 | −0.6371 | −0.1376 | −0.9913 | −0.6748 | −0.6001 | −0.9203 | −0.0483 | −0.3883 | −0.1806 | 1 |
21 | −0.9218 | 1.0238 | 0.1857 | 0.1325 | −0.5060 | 0.6150 | −0.0497 | −0.6540 | 0.1856 | −1.4646 | −0.7467 | 0.1420 | 0.1219 | −0.2450 | −0.0476 | −0.2655 | −0.1910 | 0.7110 | −0.2819 | 0.5922 | 0 |
22 | 1.1915 | 0.5421 | 0.6284 | 0.2280 | 1.4242 | 0.2572 | −0.6487 | 0.1901 | 0.1229 | −0.4806 | 0.2446 | 0.2541 | 0.4371 | 0.5256 | 0.0108 | −0.8016 | 0.4805 | 1.4955 | −0.7911 | 1.9297 | 1 |
23 | −0.9997 | −1.2956 | −1.3319 | −0.9966 | −0.7991 | −1.0448 | −0.1708 | −0.6968 | −1.1930 | 0.0079 | −0.9208 | −0.8099 | −0.7786 | −1.0369 | −0.5300 | 0.1939 | −0.1510 | 0.2602 | 0.2545 | −0.6840 | 0 |
24 | −1.1251 | −1.3200 | −1.5176 | −1.5869 | −0.5999 | −1.2172 | −1.0349 | −0.8018 | −1.3932 | −1.3848 | −1.0472 | −1.1924 | −1.2572 | −1.0503 | −0.9622 | −1.0551 | −1.2676 | −1.0237 | −1.4197 | −1.2531 | 1 |
25 | 2.1527 | −0.3799 | 0.4128 | 0.0581 | −0.6111 | −0.2685 | −0.0154 | −0.5231 | 0.5592 | 0.7240 | −0.7720 | −0.2615 | 0.0890 | −0.5596 | −0.3297 | 0.5333 | 0.3943 | −0.8399 | 1.5212 | −0.0460 | 0 |
26 | −0.8154 | −0.3332 | −0.5275 | −0.2076 | −0.7800 | −0.6859 | −0.7967 | −0.6935 | 0.0172 | −0.8118 | −0.7327 | 0.0515 | −0.1746 | −0.8941 | −0.5018 | −0.6701 | 0.5713 | −1.2620 | −0.8807 | −0.9011 | 0 |
27 | −0.7735 | −0.6015 | −0.6106 | −0.5381 | −0.4543 | −0.2415 | −0.7473 | −0.5819 | 0.0240 | −0.7150 | −0.6884 | −0.0911 | −0.1966 | −0.7717 | −0.5844 | −0.6931 | 0.1300 | −1.3225 | −0.7485 | −0.8737 | 0 |
28 | −0.9109 | 0.5173 | 1.0975 | 0.5547 | −0.6970 | 0.2649 | 0.2318 | −0.5522 | 2.1660 | 1.0763 | −0.0386 | 0.3183 | 0.7718 | 0.4314 | 0.4805 | 0.5893 | 1.3612 | −0.5206 | 0.9256 | −0.2098 | 0 |
29 | −0.5721 | 2.7545 | 3.1274 | 1.9689 | −0.0094 | 1.1863 | −0.0478 | −0.1891 | 2.9906 | 0.4199 | 0.3571 | 2.0584 | 3.0102 | −0.1471 | 1.0052 | −0.1387 | 2.7865 | −0.6162 | −0.1087 | 0.4574 | 0 |
30 | −0.9161 | 1.6600 | 1.1954 | 2.3194 | −0.4940 | 1.7943 | 0.4048 | −0.3110 | 1.4713 | 0.4678 | −0.3249 | 1.0437 | 1.8333 | 0.1317 | 0.9502 | 0.3860 | 2.1646 | −0.3548 | 0.6085 | −0.0898 | 0 |
31 | −1.1165 | 0.8826 | 1.8629 | 0.2982 | −0.3599 | 0.2675 | 0.3571 | 0.3901 | 2.5001 | 0.9578 | 4.1938 | 0.2754 | 1.2105 | 1.0568 | −0.0928 | 0.2485 | 0.4813 | −0.8199 | 0.3256 | 0.5439 | 0 |
32 | −0.9831 | −0.1959 | −1.3571 | −0.4143 | 0.4154 | 0.5795 | −0.5073 | 0.1110 | −0.9439 | −0.7458 | −0.4805 | 0.1408 | −0.2808 | −1.0085 | −0.2011 | −0.2811 | −0.3807 | −1.1552 | −0.5167 | −0.8709 | 0 |
33 | −0.4961 | −0.0128 | −1.1792 | −0.2391 | −0.5376 | −0.3355 | −0.3795 | −0.6084 | −0.9436 | −0.1182 | −1.0148 | −0.3036 | −0.0893 | −1.0762 | −0.4375 | 0.3608 | −0.3553 | −1.2858 | 0.4535 | −0.4651 | 0 |
34 | 0.9835 | 0.1354 | 0.8543 | 0.1376 | −0.4418 | 0.0355 | 0.7054 | −0.2009 | 0.8813 | 1.0063 | 0.3341 | −0.1728 | 0.4361 | 0.3466 | −0.1904 | 0.1423 | 0.3706 | −0.4896 | 0.3484 | −0.3974 | 0 |
35 | −0.4833 | −0.3394 | −0.6218 | −0.1287 | −0.6790 | 0.1834 | −0.3002 | −0.5671 | −0.1395 | −0.4042 | −0.2245 | −0.3249 | −0.6001 | −0.8524 | −0.2944 | −0.3355 | −1.0430 | −1.0594 | −0.8860 | −0.8007 | 0 |
36 | −0.7281 | −0.8700 | −1.0871 | −0.8550 | −0.8165 | 0.0969 | 0.5636 | −0.5480 | −0.1181 | 0.3411 | −0.6805 | −0.2281 | −0.8138 | −0.8964 | −0.6067 | 0.6057 | −0.4189 | −0.8495 | 0.5910 | −1.1440 | 0 |
37 | −0.3399 | 3.0909 | 2.7314 | 0.6380 | −0.2966 | −0.2066 | −0.4223 | −0.7412 | 0.7620 | −0.6222 | −0.1975 | 0.1739 | 3.1760 | −0.7350 | 0.3958 | −0.5145 | 0.1316 | −0.5937 | −0.5462 | −0.0562 | 0 |
38 | −1.1911 | −0.9283 | −1.0429 | −1.0896 | −0.8135 | −0.6132 | 0.2649 | −0.7337 | −0.1926 | 0.4481 | −0.8865 | 0.0863 | −0.7292 | −1.0073 | −0.6858 | 0.5026 | 0.2004 | −1.0883 | 1.3413 | −1.1143 | 0 |
39 | −0.3071 | −1.2474 | 0.0860 | −1.0948 | 1.0319 | −0.8550 | −0.5113 | 0.4325 | −0.1901 | −0.4962 | 0.3330 | −0.4471 | −0.5249 | 1.0173 | −0.7199 | −0.5768 | −0.2850 | −0.7477 | −0.7928 | 0.4443 | 1 |
40 | 0.2579 | −0.6935 | −0.3056 | 0.8062 | −0.5388 | 0.4405 | −0.2563 | −0.1171 | 0.4400 | 0.0777 | −0.3132 | 0.0615 | −0.4472 | −0.1293 | 0.3970 | −0.2903 | 0.0332 | −0.5678 | 0.7060 | −0.1725 | 0 |
41 | −0.6221 | −1.2147 | −0.2310 | −0.9927 | −0.8238 | −0.7229 | −0.5687 | −0.6551 | 0.2961 | −0.7430 | −0.0772 | −0.9459 | −1.1104 | −0.4439 | −0.3033 | −0.6929 | −1.0863 | −1.1514 | −0.7252 | −0.9379 | 0 |
42 | 0.3246 | 0.1301 | −0.0365 | 0.7536 | 1.1815 | −0.1630 | 0.2493 | 0.8735 | −0.3192 | 0.2676 | −0.1930 | −0.4060 | −0.2470 | 0.7416 | 0.3565 | −0.0454 | −0.7271 | −0.2528 | −0.6329 | 1.2129 | 1 |
43 | 1.9695 | 0.9077 | 0.8436 | 2.2059 | 2.5041 | 1.1565 | 1.2523 | 5.0353 | 0.3198 | 0.6450 | 2.0593 | 1.5501 | 0.7583 | 2.0433 | 0.0396 | 1.7493 | 0.7779 | 0.7293 | 0.2850 | 2.0997 | 1 |
44 | −0.6286 | 1.0261 | 0.3036 | 2.5481 | −0.0714 | 3.8247 | 2.3460 | 0.2476 | 0.7710 | 1.8683 | 0.1706 | 2.3022 | 0.3095 | −0.1948 | 2.7512 | 2.0757 | 1.7530 | 0.9490 | 1.9587 | 0.6909 | 0 |
45 | 1.0009 | 0.7865 | 2.4011 | 1.5617 | 3.0845 | 0.8111 | 0.5197 | 1.2789 | 1.8771 | 1.1289 | 0.6236 | 2.5353 | 1.8333 | 3.4374 | 1.2130 | 0.4487 | 2.2789 | −0.2895 | 0.0593 | 3.5573 | 0 |
46 | 2.1343 | 0.7579 | 0.0162 | 2.6774 | 0.1163 | 2.1145 | 3.2065 | 0.5759 | 1.0534 | 3.2313 | −0.4136 | 1.3026 | 0.8483 | 0.3653 | 1.9049 | 3.1342 | 0.7206 | −0.2964 | 2.7839 | 1.5164 | 0 |
47 | 0.7965 | 0.3297 | 0.7166 | 0.4364 | 0.0677 | 0.8326 | 4.9333 | −0.0258 | 1.9736 | 2.0418 | −0.3203 | 2.9719 | 1.5455 | 0.5613 | 1.3445 | 4.5603 | 1.3877 | 2.1283 | 2.2865 | 2.0161 | 0 |
48 | −0.2596 | −0.3361 | 0.4716 | −0.1349 | 4.0534 | −0.1928 | 0.0167 | 1.3918 | 0.4278 | −0.2243 | 1.5200 | 0.8905 | 1.2019 | 1.4025 | 0.0835 | 0.0383 | 0.5237 | −0.1815 | −1.0054 | 1.6031 | 1 |
49 | −0.0226 | −0.4900 | −0.4330 | −0.3172 | 1.4328 | 0.0199 | −0.6444 | 0.1271 | −0.5104 | −0.9655 | −0.0533 | 0.3951 | −0.3541 | 0.9183 | 0.1715 | −0.7495 | −0.5247 | −0.9193 | −1.0624 | 0.2604 | 0 |
50 | 0.2691 | −0.7205 | −0.2008 | 0.2954 | 1.0927 | −1.0150 | −0.3882 | 3.2096 | −0.1876 | 0.6101 | 0.8424 | 0.0779 | −0.4090 | 1.3963 | −0.1282 | −0.0492 | 1.0513 | 1.5847 | −0.0730 | 0.8097 | 1 |
51 | −1.0684 | −0.6466 | −0.6541 | −0.6908 | −0.1836 | 0.3447 | −0.5880 | −0.5316 | 0.4261 | −0.2238 | −0.7169 | −0.1310 | −0.0254 | −0.4201 | −0.5104 | −0.3398 | −0.0721 | 1.8853 | −0.1081 | 1.6590 | 1 |
52 | 0.3214 | −0.0499 | 0.1444 | 1.4566 | −0.3449 | 2.2177 | 2.1168 | 0.0888 | 1.0617 | 3.9229 | −0.6109 | 0.4205 | −0.0079 | 0.4511 | 0.6379 | 1.6055 | 1.0541 | 3.2448 | 3.2324 | 0.6117 | 0 |
53 | −0.6844 | −0.8219 | −0.0865 | −0.7453 | −0.5648 | −0.0203 | −0.0723 | −0.4516 | 0.3664 | 0.3297 | 0.2201 | −0.4875 | −0.5796 | −0.2607 | −0.4161 | −0.4218 | −0.4390 | −0.3909 | 0.5963 | −0.0209 | 0 |
54 | −0.2355 | −0.6462 | 0.6279 | −0.3769 | 0.6364 | −0.7139 | 0.0674 | 1.7679 | 0.6581 | 0.3100 | 1.5562 | −0.2193 | 0.1656 | 2.0470 | −0.4447 | 0.0956 | −0.7435 | 0.4457 | −0.1701 | 1.7074 | 1 |
55 | 2.1278 | −0.4153 | −0.3230 | −0.1529 | −0.5469 | −0.2273 | −0.4385 | −0.1479 | −0.3919 | −0.0556 | 0.1997 | 0.0787 | −0.3176 | −0.1840 | −0.2261 | −0.4615 | −0.2847 | −0.8512 | −0.6685 | −0.2232 | 1 |
56 | 0.2032 | −0.4662 | −0.6407 | −0.5504 | 0.8009 | −0.6042 | −0.0797 | 1.3601 | −0.4682 | −0.4208 | 0.5604 | −0.3195 | −0.4353 | 0.4957 | −0.7274 | −0.1458 | −0.4557 | −0.6586 | −0.5978 | −0.1099 | 0 |
57 | 2.0444 | −0.8584 | 0.8658 | −0.9170 | −0.7307 | −0.6747 | −0.7436 | −0.2323 | −0.0305 | −0.4500 | 3.1704 | −0.4119 | −0.6079 | 1.3337 | −0.8944 | −0.6458 | −0.6273 | 0.9960 | −0.7052 | −0.3002 | 0 |
58 | −0.6652 | −0.9762 | −0.4155 | −0.7555 | −0.9611 | −0.8140 | −0.7491 | −0.8122 | 0.0495 | −1.1010 | 0.0414 | −0.8919 | −1.0581 | −0.5954 | −0.5056 | −0.7965 | −0.8875 | −1.2378 | −0.6453 | −1.1103 | 0 |
59 | −0.3915 | −0.6791 | −0.6367 | −0.6560 | −0.3747 | 0.3404 | 0.4901 | −0.1944 | −0.5081 | 0.3228 | −0.3809 | 0.6629 | −0.5926 | 0.1046 | −0.5600 | 0.3525 | 1.1441 | −0.1059 | 0.7094 | 0.4779 | 0 |
60 | −0.0889 | −0.5860 | −0.1552 | −0.2093 | 1.5965 | 0.1178 | −0.6404 | 0.4750 | 0.2935 | −1.1046 | 0.8902 | 0.6335 | −0.0928 | 1.8118 | 0.3945 | −0.3636 | −0.1894 | −0.2347 | −1.0748 | 0.5274 | 1 |
61 | 0.2936 | −0.5280 | −0.8700 | −0.2632 | −0.6020 | 0.0362 | −0.0931 | −0.6343 | 0.1302 | −0.6866 | −0.5733 | −0.4376 | −0.7027 | −0.3033 | −0.1950 | −0.3600 | −0.6969 | −0.7171 | −0.5882 | −0.5232 | 0 |
62 | 1.5230 | −0.4513 | −0.1981 | −0.1999 | 0.6194 | −0.3169 | −0.2257 | 1.2388 | −0.3746 | −0.2321 | 0.6893 | −0.2619 | −0.3217 | 1.6116 | −0.1817 | −0.0748 | −0.4894 | 0.3250 | −0.4697 | 0.0995 | 1 |
Method | Number of Genes | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|
LogitBoot | 2000 | 85.48 |
Random Forest | 2000 | 84.10 |
SVM | 2000 | 82.26 |
Two-way clustering | 2000 | 87.10 |
Chameleon algorithm | 5 | 85.48 |
Supervised group Lasso | 22 | 85.48 |
Z-FS-KM-MHS (our method) | 8 | 93.46 |
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Bae, J.H.; Kim, M.; Lim, J.S.; Geem, Z.W. Feature Selection for Colon Cancer Detection Using K-Means Clustering and Modified Harmony Search Algorithm. Mathematics 2021, 9, 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9050570
Bae JH, Kim M, Lim JS, Geem ZW. Feature Selection for Colon Cancer Detection Using K-Means Clustering and Modified Harmony Search Algorithm. Mathematics. 2021; 9(5):570. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9050570
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Jin Hee, Minwoo Kim, J.S. Lim, and Zong Woo Geem. 2021. "Feature Selection for Colon Cancer Detection Using K-Means Clustering and Modified Harmony Search Algorithm" Mathematics 9, no. 5: 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9050570