The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Industries in the Baltic States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Industry Name |
---|---|
1 | Agriculture, forestry, fishing, food, beverages, tobacco |
2 | Mining, quarrying, refinery, fuels, chemicals, electricity, water, waste treatment |
3 | Construction, wood, glass, stone, basic metals, housing, electrical appliances, furniture |
4 | Textile, apparel, shoes |
5 | Transport equipment and services, travel, postal services |
6 | ICT, media, computers, business and financial services |
7 | Health, pharmaceuticals, education, culture, sport |
8 | Government, Military |
9 | Other goods |
Country | Export Direction | Mean | Median | Max. | Min. | Std. Dev | Skewness | Kurtosis | Obs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estonia | Extra-EU27 | 15.36 | 8.03 | 242.65 | 0.00 | 19.98 | 3.58 | 33.85 | 540 |
Estonia | Intra-EU27 | 118.40 | 117.91 | 391.76 | 3.85 | 83.16 | 0.46 | 2.90 | 540 |
Latvia | Extra-EU27 | 19.14 | 9.08 | 140.49 | 0.00 | 24.18 | 1.80 | 6.61 | 540 |
Latvia | Intra-EU27 | 81.10 | 77.99 | 801.63 | 1.27 | 77.06 | 2.66 | 19.68 | 540 |
Lithuania | Extra-EU27 | 16.26 | 11.87 | 239.03 | 0.00 | 22.94 | 4.17 | 31.48 | 540 |
Lithuania | Intra-EU27 | 54.90 | 57.81 | 207.03 | 0.05 | 40.63 | 0.51 | 3.10 | 540 |
Country | Mean | Median | Max. | Min. | Std. Dev | Skewness | Kurtosis | Jarque-Bera | Prob. | Obs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estonia | 280.10 | 127.84 | 1282.67 | 0.22 | 340.85 | 1.41 | 4.43 | 9.58 | 0.01 | 23 |
Lithuania | 278.55 | 189.22 | 1077.28 | 0.72 | 314.10 | 1.07 | 3.18 | 4.42 | 0.11 | 23 |
Latvia | 224.27 | 108.79 | 1262.90 | 0.08 | 287.95 | 2.08 | 8.27 | 43.24 | 0.00 | 23 |
Industry | Year | Estonia | Latvia | Lithuania | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside EU | Outside EU | Inside EU | Outside EU | Inside EU | Outside EU | ||||||||
Average | t-test | Average | t-test | Average | t-test | Average | t-test | Average | t-test | Average | t-test | ||
1 | 2017 | 154.8367 | 40.65416 | 126.3612 | 68.78282 | 78.46699 | 30.93657 | ||||||
2018 | 103.6514 | 5.39543 * | 29.46134 | 3.540633 * | 97.47715 | 2.972708 * | 48.47894 | 3.00027 * | 94.29869 | −2.131537 ** | 24.31831 | 2.048306 *** | |
2019 | 90.55873 | 7.375604 * | 31.6263 | 2.347161 ** | 96.54105 | 2.807551 ** | 57.47854 | 1.726591 *** | 52.9432 | 5.854792 * | 21.63387 | 3.770687 * | |
2020 | 99.16226 * | 6.071004 * | 22.71382 | 4.886903 * | 113.0523 | 1.328641 | 67.78984 | −0.001157 | 67.97722 | 2.301828 ** | 27.86583 | 1.312287 | |
2021 | 86.91937 | 7.615107 * | 21.38554 | 6.27 * | 265.2249 | −2.48186 ** | 48.28696 | 2.946549 * | 69.87545 | 1.607064 | 15.43924 | 6.344968 * | |
2 | 2017 | 15.66742 | 0.743439 | 11.38587 | 10.12023 | 17.7086 | 53.45741 | ||||||
2018 | 9.965516 | 3.829238 * | 0.560585 | 2.276415 ** | 14.13226 | −0.85341 | 11.50434 | −0.761821 | 17.96049 | −0.220474 | 63.55714 | −1.069101 | |
2019 | 6.756572 | 7.875949 * | 0.374685 | 4.108555 * | 3.986599 | 10.88441 * | 13.6115 | −1.162045 | 12.43356 | 4.025287 * | 67.65712 | −1.16489 | |
2020 | 11.15602 | 3.10502 * | 0.41566 | 3.916291 * | 5.734732 | 7.673981 * | 8.386579 | 0.876766 | 12.7207 | 5.099221 * | 68.44194 | −0.628153 | |
2021 | 5.941241 | 8.205501 * | 0.01046 | 10.36285 * | 10.92875 | 0.213643 | 6.893347 | 1.473021 | 13.74125 | 2.919533 * | 32.30755 | 2.360195 ** | |
3 | 2017 | 342.7376 | 67.02971 | 148.4864 | 40.77843 | 126.7015 | 15.37973 | ||||||
2018 | 237.8499 | 8.60345 * | 26.30254 | 10.61518 * | 109.5915 | 4.409328 * | 27.13522 | 3.105208 * | 113.7805 | 2.044099 *** | 16.92034 | −1.979674 *** | |
2019 | 215.1301 | 10.17135 * | 42.16715 | 6.087167 | 126.3978 | 2.307821 ** | 63.20329 | −1.850195 *** | 80.63209 | 8.140063 | 15.31005 | 0.07516 | |
2020 | 243.2371 | 7.63455 * | 33.13026 | 7.838926 * | 143.8715 | 0.532471 | 68.76855 | −2.649491 ** | 108.5505 | 2.962232 * | 18.12219 | −2.478955 ** | |
2021 | 175.3395 | 12.79748 * | 0.384747 | 18.01458 * | 263.3659 | −3.602188 * | 2.72973 | 8.970664 * | 91.33201 | 5.451644 * | 0.265006 | 39.2058 * | |
4 | 2017 | 162.3039 | 20.74199 | 73.45839 | 15.01057 | 77.04343 | 22.07606 | ||||||
2018 | 145.8691 | 0.985658 | 8.654795 | 2.623096 ** | 76.31469 | −0.683637 | 23.59262 | −3.176402 * | 107.4234 | −4.830882 * | 31.11604 | −3.295656 * | |
2019 | 107.758 | 5.467633 * | 7.459182 | 3.936683 * | 84.69871 | −1.918112 *** | 19.29952 | −1.644837 | 62.35476 | 2.848337 * | 15.99352 | 2.781939 ** | |
2020 | 117.9911 | 4.153913 * | 3.873036 | 4.985956 * | 87.81156 | −2.758072 ** | 15.14165 | −0.050549 | 83.60375 | −0.896195 | 22.18491 | −0.034473 | |
2021 | 108.2399 | 4.811774 * | 0 | 6.161893 * | 122.4283 | −5.056093 * | 0 | 7.038681 * | 59.49967 | 4.190056 * | 0.877559 | 11.31652 * | |
5 | 2017 | 153.2812 | 2.018128 | 46.68781 | 1.255941 | 46.68781 | 1.255941 | ||||||
2018 | 138.2581 | 1.285383 | 4.103563 | −2.375389 ** | 59.2063 | −3.499886 * | 2.36501 | −3.424706 * | 59.2063 | −3.499886 * | 2.36501 | −3.424706 * | |
2019 | 127.2039 | 2.270861 ** | 3.697983 | −3.816343 * | 41.43496 | 1.799878 *** | 1.64967 | −1.371045 | 41.43496 | 1.799878 *** | 1.64967 | 1.371045 | |
2020 | 174.7691 | −1.30217 | 8.115351 | −0.892082 | 54.14568 | −2.212992 ** | 1.971183 | −2.397622 ** | 54.14568 | −2.212992 ** | 1.971183 | −2.397622 ** | |
2021 | 106.668 | 4.190951 * | 0 | 15.4195 * | 44.01619 | 0.977233 | 0.021327 | 4.881501 * | 44.01619 | 0.977233 | 0.021327 | 4.881501 * | |
6 | 2017 | 219.2899 | 29.3707 | 111.8671 | 16.66813 | 136.6746 | 13.09718 | ||||||
2018 | 180.7565 | 3.753854 * | 34.9308 | −1.096775 | 85.81877 | 2.938698 * | 10.51194 | 2.710346 ** | 82.0631 | 3.053392 * | 12.99573 | 0.071861 | |
2019 | 151.4706 | 6.447491 * | 26.96352 | 1.189097 | 102.4332 | 0.952476 | 11.94451 | 1.749627 *** | 56.63916 | 4.587989 * | 11.14861 | 1.640429 | |
2020 | 166.9525 | 4.859963 * | 30.6261 | −0.431461 | 123.0373 | −1.293159 | 20.39962 | −1.146976 | 70.94111 | 3.76369 * | 11.32384 | 1.583813 | |
2021 | 123.2899 | 8.976863 * | 0 | 19.95635 * | 173.4864 | −4.035963 * | 0.00317 | 7.75004 * | 63.01103 | 4.195267 * | 0.376204 | 13.98919 * | |
7 | 2017 | 185.6579 | 33.61417 | 119.2632 | 32.41452 | 80.62303 | 16.88649 | ||||||
2018 | 134.5214 | 4.431296 * | 24.41144 | 0.476709 | 99.97703 | 2.376724 ** | 28.38648 | 0.786897 | 87.45436 | −1.248871 | 32.0989 | −4.567286 * | |
2019 | 92.68229 | 11.4019 * | 44.80678 | −0.568775 | 91.93024 | 3.430504 * | 35.65195 | −0.507309 | 59.79903 | 5.18573 * | 14.48711 | 1.231818 | |
2020 | 219.1295 | −1.626528 | 22.46416 | 0.584454 | 160.1149 | −1.97294 *** | 52.56559 | −2.416597 ** | 90.39575 | −2.135948 | 24.72109 | −2.655838 ** | |
2021 | 119.7298 | 6.586064 * | 0 | 1.766947 *** | 210.5865 | −3.946391 * | 5.00129 | 4.247017 * | 88.60712 | −1.174123 | 2.024061 | 5.994629 * | |
8 | 2017 | 5.579683 | 0.029155 | 11.96261 | 0.004556 | 3.797327 | 0.043458 | ||||||
2018 | 12.09114 | −4.558403 * | 0.022432 | 1.950122 *** | 17.82279 | −1.524111 | 0.000231 | 1.269859 | 14.30602 | −4.205782 * | 0.114078 | −0.686014 | |
2019 | 11.38994 | −5.05558 * | 0.015982 | 5.474363 * | 18.65613 | −1.985851 *** | 0.003086 | 0.320079 | 8.77963 | −2.203767 ** | 0.008826 | 1.150572 | |
2020 | 9.094146 | −4.054391 * | 0.018372 | 4.567398 * | 7.645499 | 1.799374 *** | 0.002892 | 0.373009 | 10.54799 | −4.194157 * | 0.002672 | 1.366203 | |
2021 | 34.55856 | −1.471451 | 0 | 15.5325 * | 16.99324 | −1.681757 | 0 | 1.33897 | 8.99294 | −3.175371 * | 0 | 1.453601 | |
9 | 2017 | 34.80432 | 12.19498 | 21.41696 | 5.253568 | 1.74967 | 3.994861 | ||||||
2018 | 58.79169 | −2.681672 ** | 12.82948 | −0.177455 | 1.999554 | 3.373943 * | 4.091437 | 1.638473 | 1.573448 | 0.307629 | 5.971393 | −2.406064 ** | |
2019 | 138.472 | −5.796037 * | 15.02343 | −1.096865 | 3.430881 | 3.124956 * | 4.287402 | 1.230245 | 2.57645 | −1.244678 | 3.595033 | 0.75148 | |
2020 | 205.3747 | −10.41985 * | 13.64485 | −0.533061 | 2.400348 | 3.305097 * | 4.842962 | 0.501469 | 2.023207 | −0.378069 | 3.706777 | 0.569796 | |
2021 | 82.83002 | −2.319675 ** | 14.82979 | −1.008057 | 2.52527 | 3.28252 * | 3.737491 | 2.185964 ** | 2.322462 | −0.911982 | 4.000793 | −0.010337 |
Industry | Baltics | Estonia | Lithuania | Latvia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside EU | Outside EU | Inside EU | Outside EU | Inside EU | Outside EU | Inside EU | Outside EU | |
1 | −0.016136 ** | −0.009036 *** | 0.294312 * | −0.023752 ** | ||||
2 | −0.005742 ** | −0.000377 * | 0.012503 * | |||||
3 | −0.02855 * | −0.071474 ** | −0.031322 * | 0.214963 * | ||||
4 | −0.003558 * | 0.052999 ** | −0.010602 *** | |||||
5 | −0.079672 * | 0.084280 * | −0.002208 ** | |||||
6 | −0.014871 * | −0.056845 * | −0.027925 * | 0.085385 * | ||||
7 | −0.018605 ** | −0.086368 *** | −0.020212 * | 0.168758 * | ||||
8 | −0.0000746 ** | −0.0000173 * | ||||||
9 | −0.001982 *** |
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Droždz, J.; Burinskas, A.; Cohen, V. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Industries in the Baltic States. Economies 2023, 11, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11020047
Droždz J, Burinskas A, Cohen V. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Industries in the Baltic States. Economies. 2023; 11(2):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11020047
Chicago/Turabian StyleDroždz, Jolanta, Arūnas Burinskas, and Viktorija Cohen. 2023. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Industries in the Baltic States" Economies 11, no. 2: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11020047