Performance of Academic Staff during COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Work Transformations: An IPO Model for Stress Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Conceptual Background
2.1. Input
2.2. Process
2.3. Output
2.4. Integration of Job Demands–Resources Theory
3. Hypotheses Development
3.1. Impact of Leadership Behavior on Stress Management
3.2. Impact of E-Training on Stress Management
3.3. Impact of Employment Security on Stress Management
3.4. Impact of Stress Management on Employee Performance
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Study Context and Sample
4.2. Measures
5. Results
Multivariate Data Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
7.1. Theoretical Implications
7.2. Managerial Implications
7.3. Limitations and Future Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | N (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 83 (31) |
Female | 185 (69) |
Age | |
≤30 | 32 (11.9) |
31–45 | 100 (37.4) |
>45 | 136 (50.7) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 39 (14.5) |
Married | 229 (85.5) |
Job title | |
Lecturer | 72 (26.8) |
Senior Lecturer | 87 (32.5) |
Associate Professor | 76 (28.4) |
Professor | 33 (12.3) |
IT skills training with regard to online classes | |
Yes | 268 (100) |
No | 0 |
Construct | Mean | SD | Cronbach Alpha | VIF | LB | ET | ES | SM | EP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB | 9.076 | 0.936 | 0.875 | 1.221 | 0.74 | ||||
ET | 8.943 | 0.913 | 0.922 | 1.453 | 0.61 | 0.77 | |||
ES | 8.771 | 0.966 | 0.786 | 1.113 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.78 | ||
SM | 8.734 | 0.937 | 0.883 | 1.765 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.84 | |
EP | 8.852 | 0.960 | 0.845 | 1.232 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.86 |
Construct | Item | Factor Loading | CR (above 0.6) | AVE (above 0.5) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leadership Behavior | T-Oriented | 0.72 | 0.714 | 0.556 |
R-Oriented | 0.77 | |||
E Training | ETR1 | 0.64 | 0.850 | 0.589 |
ETR2 | 0.86 | |||
ETR3 | 0.72 | |||
ETR4 | 0.83 | |||
ETR5 | 0.82 | |||
Employment Security | ES1 | 0.79 | 0.886 | 0.610 |
ES2 | 0.82 | |||
ES3 | 0.82 | |||
ES4 | 0.74 | |||
ES5 | 0.73 | |||
Stress Management | Optimism | 0.84 | 0.908 | 0.711 |
Resilience | 0.88 | |||
Mindfulness | 0.78 | |||
Coping | 0.87 | |||
Employee Performance | Contextual | 0.84 | 0.892 | 0.734 |
Adaptive | 0.87 | |||
Task | 0.86 |
Unstandardized Estimations | |||||||
Endogenous Construct | Path | Exogenous Construct | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | P | Result |
Stress Management | ← | Leadership Behavior | 0.429 | 0.066 | 6.520 | *** | Significant |
Stress Management | ← | Employment Security | 0.212 | 0.091 | 2.342 | 0.019 | Significant |
Stress Management | ← | E Training | 0.306 | 0.087 | 3.506 | *** | Significant |
Employee Performance | ← | Stress Management | 0.256 | 0.061 | 4.162 | *** | Significant |
Standardized Estimations | |||||||
Endogenous Construct | Path | Exogenous Constructs | R2 | Result | |||
Stress Management | ← | Leadership Behavior, Employment Security and E-Training | 0.74 | Leadership Behavior, Employment Security and e-Training contribute 74 percent in Stress Management | |||
Employee Performance | ← | Leadership Behavior, Employment Security, E-Training and Stress Management | 0.52 | Leadership Behavior, Employment Security, e-Training and Stress Management contribute 52 percent in Employee Performance | |||
Mediational Path Analysis | |||||||
Mediational Path | β (Indirect Path) a | β (Indirect Path) b | β (Direct Path) c | p value | Result | ||
Employee Performance ← Stress Management ← Leadership Behavior | 0.429 | 0.256 | 0.090 | 0.146 | Full mediation | ||
Employee Performance ← Stress Management ← e-Training | 0.306 | 0.256 | 0.394 | 0.001 | Partial mediation | ||
Employee Performance ← Stress Management ← Employment Security | 0.212 | 0.256 | 0.229 | 0.004 | Partial mediation |
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Shoaib, M.; Nawal, A.; Korsakienė, R.; Zámečník, R.; Rehman, A.U.; Raišienė, A.G. Performance of Academic Staff during COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Work Transformations: An IPO Model for Stress Management. Economies 2022, 10, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020051
Shoaib M, Nawal A, Korsakienė R, Zámečník R, Rehman AU, Raišienė AG. Performance of Academic Staff during COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Work Transformations: An IPO Model for Stress Management. Economies. 2022; 10(2):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020051
Chicago/Turabian StyleShoaib, Muhammad, Ayesha Nawal, Renata Korsakienė, Roman Zámečník, Asad Ur Rehman, and Agota Giedrė Raišienė. 2022. "Performance of Academic Staff during COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Work Transformations: An IPO Model for Stress Management" Economies 10, no. 2: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020051