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Volume 14
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10.3390/technologies14010002
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Inverse Dynamics Analysis of Knee Joint Kinetics During Squatting: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Between Native Healthy Knees and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty

by
Kasiwat Chaiyasit
1,
Chotchuang Phombut
2 and
Supakit Rooppakhun
2,*
1
School of Biomedical Innovation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Technologies 2026, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14010002
Submission received: 25 November 2025 / Revised: 10 December 2025 / Accepted: 18 December 2025 / Published: 19 December 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

A biomechanical evaluation of knee loading during squatting is essential for understanding functional capacity after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study compares knee joint kinetics in healthy native knees and in posterior-stabilized TKA (PS-TKA) across BMI categories using 3D motion capture and inverse dynamics. Sixty-two knees (31 healthy, 31 PS-TKA) were analyzed. Native knees demonstrated greater flexion capacity and higher joint loading than PS-TKA knees. Peak resultant joint forces reached 3.50 ± 1.00 BW in healthy knees compared with 2.90 ± 1.20 BW in PS-TKA knees. Healthy knees also generated higher joint moments, with maximum adduction and rotation moments of 5.07% BW × height and 1.29% BW × height, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) significantly influenced loading patterns in native knees, increasing anterior–posterior forces, quadriceps demand, and resultant moments, whereas loading in PS-TKA knees showed minimal BMI dependence. These findings highlight fundamental biomechanical differences between native and prosthetic knees and provide population-specific insights relevant to rehabilitation and high-flexion activities common in Asian populations.
Keywords: knee kinetics; squatting biomechanics; inverse dynamics; motion analysis; total knee arthroplasty; musculoskeletal modeling knee kinetics; squatting biomechanics; inverse dynamics; motion analysis; total knee arthroplasty; musculoskeletal modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chaiyasit, K.; Phombut, C.; Rooppakhun, S. Inverse Dynamics Analysis of Knee Joint Kinetics During Squatting: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Between Native Healthy Knees and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty. Technologies 2026, 14, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14010002

AMA Style

Chaiyasit K, Phombut C, Rooppakhun S. Inverse Dynamics Analysis of Knee Joint Kinetics During Squatting: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Between Native Healthy Knees and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty. Technologies. 2026; 14(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chaiyasit, Kasiwat, Chotchuang Phombut, and Supakit Rooppakhun. 2026. "Inverse Dynamics Analysis of Knee Joint Kinetics During Squatting: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Between Native Healthy Knees and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty" Technologies 14, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14010002

APA Style

Chaiyasit, K., Phombut, C., & Rooppakhun, S. (2026). Inverse Dynamics Analysis of Knee Joint Kinetics During Squatting: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Between Native Healthy Knees and Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty. Technologies, 14(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14010002

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