Digital Transformation in Accounting: An Assessment of Automation and AI Integration

Abstract

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems. The data include documents listed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The analysis identifies the main authors, countries/territories, sources, and thematic trends. The results reveal that the scientific output within this research field has increased since 2018, emphasising the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), robotic process automation, and blockchain technologies in accounting. The findings also suggest that automation enhances efficiency, accuracy, and reliability while also raising concerns about ethics, cybersecurity, and job displacement. This study evaluates the accounting research from early discussions on information systems and automation to current topics such as digital transformation, sustainability, and intelligent decision-making. Furthermore, it contributes to the understanding of the scientific development of digital accounting and addresses future research directions involving AI and machine learning for predictive analytics and fraud detection, blockchain for secure and transparent accounting systems, sustainability through the integration of ESG reporting, and interdisciplinary collaboration between accounting, computer science, and business management to develop intelligent financial systems. The findings provide insights for academics and practitioners aiming to understand the ongoing digital transformation of accounting systems.

1. Introduction

Discussion about accounting system automation is a relevant issue in the accounting literature and practice. In the 1950s, when some automated systems became available in accounting, aspects related to their adoption to record, organise, process, and produce readable information ready for decision-making became a relevant topic related to companies’ accounting procedures in digitalisation. Furthermore, the development of Integrated Data Processing (IDP) was an opportunity to improve automated accounting procedures and to change companies’ ways of business, from pricing management and client management to the overall internal processes, leading to cost reduction (Keenoy, 1958).

Moreover, the emergence of the electronic computer led to concerns and fears among professionals due to the extensive relevance given to electronic data processing (Carlson, 1957). Additionally, automated accounting systems heightened fears among professionals about job displacement. However, with the advent of electronic devices and information systems able to record, organise, and process large amounts of financial data, business operations became increasingly complex. At the same time, information systems evolved exponentially, becoming more sophisticated and capable of producing highly detailed financial documents that enhanced the understandability of financial reports and the reliability of financial statements while requiring fewer accounting professionals. As a result, information systems now provide the most useful information for firms’ stakeholders in their decision-making processes, fulfilling the main goal of financial reporting (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2016; International Accounting Standards Board, 2018).

The faster development of information systems and artificial intelligence (AI), robotic process automation (RPA), and computer-coded and rule-based software robots to automate specific human tasks (Deloitte, 2018) represents a great deal of opportunities. However, the adoption of such technologies in accounting reshapes accounting systems, imposes new paradigms, and breaks arrangements between the speed, cost, and quality of accounting information, implying a growing impact of new technologies on overall business operations (Schatsky et al., 2015) while introducing a set of risks for the accountancy industry. However, the opportunities seem to surpass the threats, as accounting software developers are proceeding in developing software tailored to use accounting data to produce intelligent reports, enabling accountants to make informed decisions and deliver greater value to their clients (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2013) and increasing their available time to focus on advisory services and other higher-value work (Jariwala, 2015).

Despite the development of information systems and their adoption in accountancy, the growing complexity of international business operations represents a source of additional noise in accounting systems. Nevertheless, automation aligns with the needs of accounting and finance, where a high degree of accuracy and consistency is essential. Many accounting tasks remain repetitive and manual, often involving transaction processing and data integration from fragmented systems, which require extensive data manipulation and report generation. RPA is leading the way, rapidly contributing to digitalising companies’ business operations (Deloitte, 2018).

Technological developments are expected to reshape the accountancy profession (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2013). Furthermore, despite the likely disruption, specifically among employees, the adoption of automated accounting procedures enhances work quality and accuracy, thereby saving accountants time (Fernández & Aman, 2018), improving outcomes, and heightening employee performance through high-performing hybrid teams of humans and robots (Ernst & Young Global Limited, 2019).

Therefore, digital accounting, automation, and AI-assisted accounting seem to be a game-changer for accounting and finance services, leading to further challenges for companies and employees. However, positive outcomes are expected, mainly in efficiency and effectiveness gains in the overall business operations.

Although accounting has continuously evolved with technological progress, developments in automation, AI, and blockchain have accelerated the digital transformation in accounting systems. Previous studies have addressed aspects such as automation and information systems, but they seem to lack an integrated understanding of the development of the research stream and emerging themes. Consequently, this study aims to address this issue by conducting a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting. Moreover, this research seeks to explore what is known and what work has been conducted in the research stream in the scientific literature, providing a further set of future research lines. To achieve this goal, bibliometric performance and science mapping methods are employed. Specifically, the most relevant authors, countries/territories, sources, affiliations, and cited documents are identified. An evaluation of the conceptual structure of the research field is also conducted.

The increasing adoption of automated procedures in the accountancy services industry presents an opportunity to add value for clients. However, despite being a popular topic among accounting professionals and companies, there is still limited scientific literature on this subject. This study aims to address this issue by providing further insights and guidance on the current state of accounting system digitalisation and automation.

2. Literature Review

2.1. The Concept of Digital Accounting

Organisations require accounting to address short-, medium-, and long-term problems in different areas, such as costs, cash flow, and expenditure. However, when it comes to long-term planning, accounting plays a crucial role in developing a strategic plan in the context of global and dynamic markets. In recent years, accounting has evolved in response to various scenarios in which investor confidence in capital markets has been severely shaken by accounting scandals (Adler & Chaston, 2002). The constant demands placed on this field of knowledge, particularly in times of crisis, have driven digitalisation forward. These digital advances have quickly impacted all aspects of personal and professional life (Parra-Sánchez & Talero-Sarmiento, 2024). The accounting environment has not escaped this rule either, as the digitalisation era has also been affected by the emergence of certain laws obliging business owners to keep all accounting records safe for a specific period. These regulations have led organisations to remodel their accounting methods for economic and financial reporting, integrating technology into their processes. Consequently, companies have been encouraged to invest more in technologies, such as the internet and digital interfaces, which can increase the productivity of their employees, particularly those in the accounting (Chulanov et al., 2022). The increased use of the internet in accounting is related to the greater demand for speed in accounting reporting. This has led companies to invest more in auditing software applications that can collect, organise, process, evaluate, and present financial data in a more appealing way (Curtis et al., 2009). Technological advances, particularly in accounting, have greatly improved accounting methods. Accounting and technology have always developed in parallel, and nowadays, the two fields are closely linked (Spilnyk et al., 2022). Banks have started using technology to transfer money in order to reduce costs, errors, and fraud. The results show that digital accounting enables today’s managers and students to understand the types of intervention needed to optimise spending on infrastructure and factories (Chen et al., 2024).

With the expansion of business, accounting and technology have become more integrated, and the emergence of global companies has led to the development of accounting software designed to meet their organisational needs (Azzari et al., 2020). Moreover, technological advances have impacted almost every aspect of accounting. For instance, the internet enables the exchange of accounting and financial information, while accounting and finance play a role in business control. To manage daily operations, such as accounting and project management, organisations rely on software systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Over the years, ERP has been continuously updated and refined to keep pace with technological, economic, and customer-oriented developments (Genete & Tugui, 2008). Currently, software developers are working on solutions that aim to integrate and automate digital accounting functions, a long-term process that requires substantial financial investment. However, by updating ERP systems, developers aim to reduce tax evasion, eliminate human errors, standardise processes, and strengthen internal control (Chiu et al., 2019). To keep pace with the digitalisation of their working environment, accountants must review and adapt their working methods and client approaches, recognising that their skills and practices cannot remain static. They need to evolve in line with technological progress because developments once considered extraordinary, such as AI and advanced robotics, are now becoming a reality (Rindasu, 2017).

2.2. The Concept of Automated Accounting

Accounting is commonly defined as the process of recording, summarising, and analysing financial transactions to provide information useful for making business decisions. This definition is widely accepted and reflects the main objective of financial reporting, which is to provide relevant information to stakeholders for decision-making (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2016; International Accounting Standards Board, 2018). Automated accounting, on the other hand, implies the use of software and technological tools to perform traditional manual accounting tasks, reducing manual intervention. It involves an automation process with several layers, including functions such as data entry, transaction recording, reconciliations, and complex processes, like financial reporting and auditing. Automated software in accounting enables the input, processing, and output of data to streamline repetitive, routine tasks, resulting in efficiency and effectiveness improvements (Cooper et al., 2019). Technological development has enabled the automation of accounting systems by integrating software robots and AI into existing systems, improving efficiency and reliability through enhanced interaction between firm departments and remote automated monitoring (Gnatiuk et al., 2023). It further freed accounting and management staff from routine work so that they can focus on creative processes (Slavinskaitė, 2022), saving time and labour resources while ensuring accurate financial information (Gahramanov, 2022).

Automated accounting reduces time and organisational costs (Resler, 2013) since the use of RPA and AI helps with repetitive tasks, significantly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of accounting operations. However, it also implies costs that must be considered, namely, technical, professional, and managerial factors necessary for successful implementation (Cooper et al., 2019; Gnatiuk et al., 2023; Ponomareva & Matiushko, 2021). Moreover, it facilitates data management and more accurate reporting, providing better control over accounting operations, correcting errors, ensuring compliance, and enhancing trust in the reliability of financial data. This, in turn, allows for optimising and improving work processes, enabling timely management decisions within companies (Chipriyanova & Krasteva-Hristova, 2023; Łada & Martinek-Jaguszewska, 2023).

2.3. Bibliometric Analysis in Accounting

Bibliometric analyses applied to the field of accounting have revealed relevant indicators of the quality and evolution of publications in reference journals (Araújo et al., 2014; Chiu et al., 2019; Chung et al., 1992; Mohanty, 2019; Moya & Prior, 2008). In this context, it is important to examine the various types of research to assess why bibliometric studies within specific subfields of accounting remain relatively limited. Bibliometric research in this area began in 1992 (Chung et al., 1992), with exponential growth in 2019 and 2020, which recorded the highest number of publications. The last article published in 2021 addressed the topic of accounting and the management of natural resource consumption. It employed a bibliometric approach to conduct a systematic review of studies on accounting and management of natural resource consumption using the input–output method. The results indicate that significant contributions have been made to the development of this research field, both in terms of quantity and quality of academic output.

Bibliometric analyses in accounting have been categorised into themes such as management accounting (Balstad & Berg, 2020; Beuren et al., 2015; Hülle et al., 2011; Olusanmi et al., 2021), auditing (Handoko & Mardian, 2021; Ismayilov, 2020), information technology and emerging technologies in accounting (S. Kumar et al., 2020), tax accounting (Henrique et al., 2021), business (Cortés-Sánchez, 2020), key account management (P. Kumar et al., 2019), international accounting (da Silva & Niyama, 2019), accountability (Faria Duarte & Zouain, 2019), teaching and the profession (da Costa & Nogueira, 2016; Nolli et al., 2020), accounting information systems (Chiu et al., 2019), accounting and costs in agribusiness (Guimarães et al., 2019; Mohanty, 2019; Moraes et al., 2016), lobbying activity in accounting regulation (Azevedo, 2018), regulatory changes (Garcia et al., 2016), and environmental accounting (Dos Santos Teixeira & De Souza Ribeiro, 2014; Schaltegger et al., 2013; Yamaguchi et al., 2015) (

Table 1. Bibliometric prior studies in accounting.

Authors	Journal	Total Citations
(Chung et al., 1992)	Abacus-A Journal of Accounting and Business Studies	31
(Moya & Prior, 2008)	Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting	7
(Hülle et al., 2011)	Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis	10
(Schaltegger et al., 2013)	Meditari Accountancy Research	58
(Dos Santos Teixeira & De Souza Ribeiro, 2014)	Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental	0
(Beuren et al., 2015)	Contabilidade Gestão e Governança	3
(Yamaguchi et al., 2015)	Espacios	0
(Garcia et al., 2016)	Reunir-Revista de Administracao Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade	0
(Moraes et al., 2016)	Custos e Agronegocio Online	0
(da Costa & Nogueira, 2016)	Espacios	0
(Merigo & Yang, 2017)	Australian Accounting Review	54
(Azevedo, 2018)	Revista Evidenciacao Contábil & Finanças	0
(Ardianto & Anridho, 2018)	International Journal of Digital Accounting Research	0
(P. Kumar et al., 2019)	Industrial Marketing Management	11
(Chiu et al., 2019)	International Journal of Accounting Information Systems	4
(da Silva & Niyama, 2019)	Revista Ambiente Contábil	0
(Faria Duarte & Zouain, 2019)	Revista Gestão Organizacional	0
(Nolli et al., 2020)	Revista Contabilidade e Controladoria	0
(Guimarães et al., 2019)	Custos e Agronegocio Online	0
(Guimarães et al., 2019)	Custos e Agronegocio	0
(Mohanty, 2019)	Library Philosophy and Practice	0
(Cortés-Sánchez, 2020)	European Research on Management and Business Economics	3
(S. Kumar et al., 2020)	International Journal of Accounting Information Systems	2
(Balstad & Berg, 2020)	Journal of Management Control	2
(Linnenluecke et al., 2020)	Accounting and Finance	0
(Henrique et al., 2021)	Revista Contabilidade e Controladoria	0
(Ismayilov, 2020)	Marketing and Management of Innovations	0
(Wang et al., 2021)	Frontiers in Energy Research	0
(Olusanmi et al., 2021)	Cogent Social Sciences	0
(Handoko & Mardian, 2021)	Library Philosophy and Practice	0

).

3. Methodology

This study used a bibliometric approach to examine the development of the scientific literature on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting. This approach was chosen to ensure methodological rigour, transparency, and replicability. It enabled the analysis of a large number of publications in a structured way, facilitating the identification of interconnections within and across research streams (Zupic & Čater, 2015). Furthermore, it assisted in tracing the evolution of the field and pinpointing emerging areas of research (Donthu et al., 2021).

This study adheres to the guidelines set out by (Cobo et al., 2011; Marzi et al., 2025; Zupic & Čater, 2015) and is consistent with previous studies from various research areas.

Data for the analysis were retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus on 5 January 2025. These databases were selected based on their recognised data reliability (Mongeon & Paul-Hus, 2016), suitability for bibliometric analysis, and frequent use in previous studies (Azzari et al., 2020; Handoyo, 2024; Merigo & Yang, 2017; Merigó & Yang, 2017; Poje & Zaman Groff, 2022). The search focused on documents classified as “article”, written in English, and addressing topics such as digital accounting, automated accounting, and artificial intelligence within the scope of accounting systems.

Table 2. Search criteria.

Items	Criteria (Search Query)	Extracted Data
Keywords	(“digital” AND “Accounting system *”) OR (“automat *” AND “Accounting system *”) OR ((“AI” OR “Artificial Intelligence”) AND “Accounting System *”)	WoS: 252 Scopus: 110 Total: 362 Excluded 72 (not related with the search criteria) 82 (duplicate)
Inclusion criteria	Documents addressing the topics:
	“Accounting and automation”
	“Accounting and digital”
	“Accounting and artificial intelligence”
Timeframe	Documents published up to 31 December 2024
Language	English
Filtering and exclusion:	Article titles, keywords, and abstracts were analysed to assess if they met the inclusion criteria
		Final dataset
		208

presents the search criteria.

A total of 362 documents were retrieved from the WoS (252) and Scopus (110) databases. These documents were screened to assess their relevance to this study’s objectives. Titles, keywords, and abstracts were manually reviewed to ensure alignment with the inclusion criteria. During this process, 82 duplicate records and 72 unrelated documents were identified and excluded from the analysis. The final set of documents included in the analysis comprised 208 records.

The data were analysed using R Statistical Software v 4.4.3 (R Core Team, 2025) with the support of the Bibliometrix package (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017). The bibliometric analysis involved a performance evaluation (Cobo et al., 2011; van Raan, 2005; White & McCain, 1998) and a science mapping (Cobo et al., 2011; Noyons et al., 1999; Zupic & Čater, 2015) to explore the structure and evolution of the research field.

4. Results

Following the methodological approach, the data were computed, and the main information about the publishing output was extracted, as shown in

Table 3. Main information about the data.

Description	Results
MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATA
Timespan	1954:2024
Sources (journals, books, etc.)	168
Documents	208
Annual growth rate %	5.12
Document average age	13.1
Average citations per doc	7.144
References	821
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Keywords plus (ID)	665
Author’s keywords (DE)	644
AUTHORS
Authors	571
Authors of single-authored docs	57
AUTHOR COLLABORATIONS
Single-authored docs	60
Co-authors per doc	2.89
International co-authorships %	1.442
DOCUMENT TYPE
Article	210

.

The results show that 208 documents were published, with the earliest dating back to the 1950s. This indicates that the initial developments in digital and automated accounting emerged during that period. Furthermore, Figure 1 illustrates the significant increase in the number of articles published from around 2018.

Figure 1 shows the annual evolution of publications in this field, demonstrating a clear trend of increasing attention from scholars towards digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems since 2018.

The initial contributions in the 1950s were followed by a period of stagnation that ended in the 1980s. The early decades, particularly between 1950 and 1980, saw sporadic publication activity, suggesting that the field’s foundational concepts and technologies were still in their beginning stages. From the 1980s onwards, the number of articles increased slightly but remained relatively stable, with minor peaks. This growth is tied to the advent of personal computing and the digital transformation of accounting practices. The post-2010 period reflects the rapid development and adoption of advanced technologies such as cloud computing, robotic process automation, and AI in accounting systems. Finally, the period 2019 to 2024 saw a rise in output, increasing from 13 articles in 2019 to 33 articles in 2024. This increase aligns with the heightened interest in AI applications and digital transformation, which was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The observed trend highlights a movement towards the adoption of automated and AI-driven accounting systems.

Table 4. Leading sources.

Source	Articles
Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice	8
Journal of Risk and Financial Management	4
Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences	3
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience	3
European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences	3
International Journal of Accounting Information Systems	3
International Journal of Data and Network Science	3
International Journal of Management	3
Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal	2
Academy of Strategic Management Journal	2

shows the most relevant sources of articles published on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems.

Regarding the most relevant sources (Table 4), the dataset shows the multidisciplinary and applied nature of the research field. The set of the most relevant journals that publish articles on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems covers areas such as finance, computational sciences, and management.

Table 5. Leading authors.

Authors	Articles	Articles Fractionalised
Al-Okaily M.	4	2.50
Borkovska V.	4	0.73
Shevtsiv L.	3	0.50
Al-Hattami H.	2	0.75
Al-Okaily A.	2	0.50
Alkelani S.	2	0.20
Almaiah M.	2	0.20
Almaqtari F.	2	0.75
Alrawad M.	2	0.20
Alsharari N.	2	1.00

presents the most relevant authors who conducted research on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems, according to the number of documents published.

Concerning the leading authors, the results show that Manaf Al-Okaily leads with four documents (2.5 fractionalised), indicating a relevant contribution to the field, both in terms of volume and involvement in multi-authored works. Borkovska V. (four articles, 0.73 fractionalised) and Shevtsiv L. (three articles, 0.50 fractionalised) show a mix of primary and secondary authorship roles and reflect diverse collaboration dynamics. Fractionalised counts reveal varying levels of contribution per article. For example, Alsharari N. (1.00) appears to have contributed more substantially to fewer multi-authored papers, while Borskovska V. and Shevtsiv L. (0.73 and 0.5, respectively) likely participated in larger collaborative efforts.

Concerning scientific production by countries/territories, Figure 2 shows the most prolific countries/territories in dark blue and the least prolific in light blue. Countries/territories marked in grey do not have articles in the dataset.

The geographical distribution of scientific production in the field of digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems identifies Ukraine as the leading contributor. This countries/territories produced 64 documents, followed by the United States (37 documents) and China (13). The regional patterns reveal a concentration of research in certain countries/territories across Asia, Europe, and North America. Conversely, regions such as Africa and parts of South America are mostly absent from the publication output.

Table 6. Publishing distribution by countries/territories.

Country/Territory	Freq
Ukraine	64
USA	37
China	13
Jordan	11
India	10
Malaysia	10
Russia	8
Saudi Arabia	6
UK	6
Nigeria	5

presents the top ten most prolific contributors.

The collaboration network represents the relationships and interactions among authors based on their collaboration efforts. It consists of nodes, or vertices, which represent individual authors, and edges, or links, representing collaborations, partnerships or cooperative interactions among authors. Figure 3 illustrates the collaboration among authors who published articles on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems.

Figure 3 shows that the research field of digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems is relatively decentralised, with multiple relevant authors leading independent research streams, which usually suggests diverse approaches and findings, but also limits synergies arising from cross-group collaborations. This aspect is also in line with the broader scientific trend in leading academic journals. One relevant cluster was identified in the results: a cluster centred around Alkelani S., Alrawad M., and Alsyouf A. Additionally, nine smaller clusters were identified as more tightly connected collaborative groups.

The co-occurrence network is presented in Figure 4, which depicts a graph-based representation of relationships between terms that appear together in a specific context. This type of graph is generally used to visualise patterns of word co-occurrences, highlighting potential relationships, associations, or underlying clusters.

The co-occurrence network (Figure 4) shows three main nodes. The green cluster (cluster 1) is centred on accounting system, finance, artificial intelligence, and efficiency. Accounting system is the central node of this cluster, followed by the term artificial intelligence. Overall, these themes seem to be focused on financial processes and efficiency, with artificial intelligence playing a growing role.

Cluster 2 (red) centres on information systems and technology integration, presenting key nodes such as information systems, blockchain, digital storage, sustainable development, and accounting information systems. Information systems play a central role in the cluster, with blockchain and digital storage also showing high centrality. The relatively low centrality of blockchain and technology suggests that they are less directly connected to other terms, despite their relevance to the research stream. The set of terms within the cluster indicates a focus on the integration of technologies such as blockchain and sustainable development practices.

Cluster 3 (blue) includes key nodes such as methodology, article, organisation and management, and management, which serve as the main connectors within the cluster. The overall terms within this cluster reflect the academic discourse around research methodologies.

The four remaining clusters are cluster 4 (purple), including computer software and data processing, cluster 5 (orange), containing digital and computer systems, cluster 6 (brown), which involves automation and represents a highly influential node, reflecting its role in transforming accounting systems and exploring the potential of automation in the accounting domain, and cluster 7 (pink), which encompasses decision-making and management information systems.

Concerning the centrality analysis, automation and information systems are the dominant nodes, appearing to be relevant in modernising accounting systems. On the other hand, emerging technologies like blockchain and digital storage act as enablers of secure and efficient systems.

Concerning the trend topics,

Table 7. Trend topics.

Term	Frequency	Year (Q1)	Year (Median)	Year (Q3)
methodology	6	1984	1991	1998
accounting	10	1986	1997	2004
financial management	9	1986	1997	2004
human	5	1997	1998	2024
organisation and management	5	1985	1998	2004
cost accounting	9	1991	2002	2012
decision-making	5	1986	2002	2017
management	9	1989	2004	2020
article	7	1998	2004	2014
automation	10	1997	2005	2007
information systems	10	1989	2007	2023
accounting system	16	2009	2020	2023
sustainable development	5	2014	2021	2022
artificial intelligence	12	2021	2022	2022
digital storage	5	2021	2022	2024
blockchain	6	2022	2023	2024
finance	6	2021	2023	2024
accounting information	5	2022	2023	2023

presents the temporal evolution and frequency of key research terms related to digital, automated, AI-assisted accounting systems.

The trend term results show established and mature research topics before 2000, with background concepts and emerging areas in the academic literature. These include methodology (year start (YS) = 1984), accounting (YS = 1986), financial management (YS = 1986), organisation and management (YS = 1985), and human (YS = 1985). These terms present a long-standing presence in the literature, with their median years concentrated in the 1990s. However, the moderate frequency after the 2000s suggests that they represent background concepts in accounting research. Information systems (YS = 1989) shows high frequency, and its presence through the years demonstrates sustained relevance, which is most likely linked to technological advancements. Cost accounting (YS = 1991) and decision-making (YS = 1986) gained momentum in the early 2000s, but the results show signs of reduced focus in recent years.

The period 2000–2010 shows transitional topics, including automation (YS = 1997) (frequency (F) = 10), which peaked between 2005 and 2007 and may indicate the technological integration of accounting practices. The recent lower frequency, however, suggests that automation may now be embedded within broader technological frameworks such as artificial intelligence (YS = 2021; F = 12), information systems (F = 10), and accounting systems (YS = 2009; F = 16). Accounting systems (YS = 2009) presents the highest frequency (F = 16), with a median year of 2018 and Q3 in 2023, which may indicate that research highlights the modernisation of accounting systems driven by digitalisation and automation trends.

A set of topics is emerging and rapidly growing, including artificial intelligence (YS = 2021), with high frequency (F = 12) and recent concentration of interest (median and Q3 in 2022), and sustainable development (YS = 2014), which is less frequent (5) but presents a recent focus (Q3: 2022), suggesting growing interest in integrating sustainability into accounting, perhaps trough Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting. Moreover, digital storage (YS = 2021), blockchain (YS = 2022), finance (YS = 2021), and accounting information (YS = 2022) are very recent topics, centred around the period 2023–2024. Overall, terms such as blockchain, digital storage, and finance may indicate that the research field is moving towards secure, efficient data handling and financial technologies. On the other hand, topics such as artificial intelligence and accounting systems integration signal the evolution towards fully automated, intelligent accounting solutions. Furthermore, the overlap between automation, decision-making, and artificial intelligence suggests a relationship between operational efficiency and strategic decision-making through technological integration. The emergence of environmental accounting-related topics seems to indicate that accounting systems more frequently address environmental accountability and sustainability reporting.

The word frequency analysis (Figure 5) enables an in-depth analysis of the topic evolution over time.

The word frequency graph (Figure 5) illustrates the evolving focus of scientific production, showing a rise in terms such as artificial intelligence and blockchain in recent years, which reflects a growing interest in these technologies within the digital accounting context. Automation also emerges as a prominent term, highlighting a possible role as a bridge between traditional accounting systems and advanced digital platforms. Terms such as accounting systems and information systems demonstrate relatively stable trends, stressing their key role in the field. Moreover, the recent emergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence suggests a possible shift from procedural automation to more sophisticated, technology-driven approaches. On the other hand, the term financial management shows a stable trend, demonstrating its interrelation with digital systems and emphasising strategic decision-making and operational efficiency enabled by technological advancements in accounting systems.

Concerning the most cited documents,

Table 8. Most cited documents.

Paper	DOI	Total Citations
(Al-Okaily, 2024)	10.1108/VJIKMS-08-2021-0148	99
(Jönsson & Grönlund, 1988)	10.1016/0361-3682(88)90020-7	75
(Robey & Rodriguez-Diaz, 1989)	10.1016/0378-7206(89)90046-3	72
(Lea & Fredendall, 2002)	10.1016/S0925-5273(02)00253-0	70
(Al-Okaily et al., 2023a)	10.1108/GKMC-01-2022-0015	67
(Bonyuet, 2020)	10.4192/1577-8517-v20_2	62
(Leoni & Parker, 2019)	10.1016/j.bar.2018.12.001	62
(Chiarini, 2012)	10.1108/17410381211234462	57
(Lehner et al., 2022)	10.1108/AAAJ-09-2020-4934	50
(Lutfi et al., 2022a)	10.3390/su142215048	47
(Scarbrough et al., 1991)	10.1016/S1044-5005(91)70025-5	42
(Al-Okaily et al., 2023b)	10.1108/JFRA-05-2023-0277	39
(Lutfi et al., 2022b)	10.3390/jrfm15120617	39
(Zhang et al., 2021)	10.1016/j.knosys.2021.106955	30
(Goldhar & Jelinek, 1990)	10.1016/0166-3615(90)90126-A	27
(Omar et al., 2024)	NA	23
(ALSaqa et al., 2019)	10.22059/jitm.2019.74301	23
(Alkhatib et al., 2019)	10.1016/j.accinf.2019.06.004	22
(Saleh et al., 2021)	NA	21
(Al-Fatlawi et al., 2021)	10.14704/WEB/V18SI02/WEB18073	19
(Alsharari & El-Aziz Youssef, 2017)	10.1108/ARA-06-2016-0062	19
(Kerremans et al., 1991)	10.1080/00014788.1991.9729827	18
(Yao et al., 2023)	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16160	15
(Tingey-Holyoak et al., 2021)	10.1016/j.accinf.2021.100512	15
(Chyzhevska et al., 2021)	10.2478/sues-2021-0017	15
(Monteiro et al., 2021)	NA	15
(Azman et al., 2021)	10.30630/JOIV.5.3.669	14
(Phornlaphatrachakorn & Kalasindhu, 2021)	10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no8.0409	14
(Kuhner & Pelger, 2015)	10.1111/abac.12053	13
(Fernandez et al., 2018)	NA	12
(Swanson, 2020)	10.1080/01972243.2019.1709931	12
(Ionescu, 2021)	10.22381/am2020217	11
(Sani & Tiamiyu, 2005)	10.1108/02640470510603679	11
(Zhyvko et al., 2022)	NA	10
(Mosweu & Ngoepe, 2020)	10.1108/RMJ-11-2019-0069	10
(Vedernikova et al., 2020)	10.14453/aabfj.v14i4.2	10
(Panasenko et al., 2021)	10.5377/nexo.v34i01.11324	10
(Poppe et al., 2023)	10.3390/electronics12061485	9
(Nguyen et al., 2023)	10.1007/s10668-023-04189-7	9
(Qi et al., 2021)	10.1155/2021/7953164	9
(Cheng et al., 1984)	10.1109/TSE.1984.5010279	9
(Vysochan et al., 2023)	10.2478/sues-2023-0008	8
(Zhao et al., 2022)	10.1155/2022/6089195	8
(Petchenko et al., 2023)	10.55643/fcaptp.1.48.2023.3951	8
(Gomaa et al., 2023)	10.2308/JETA-19-06-01-28	8
(Lytvyn et al., 2022)	10.18662/po/13.2/461	8
(Liu et al., 2022)	10.1155/2022/9445776	7
(Al-Hattami et al., 2024)	10.1002/jsc.2571	7
(Al-Hattami & Almaqtari, 2023)	10.1057/s41599-023-02332-3	7
(Berlinski & Morales, 2024)	10.1016/j.cpa.2023.102697	7

NA: not available.

presents the 50 most cited documents and shows the total number of citations for each article.

The analysis of the most cited documents on digital, automated, and AI-assisted accounting systems shows that recent years have seen a considerable increase in the number of published papers, as confirmed by the production output over time. These papers emphasise the relevance of the research stream, where 37 documents in the top 50 most cited were published since 2019.

To evaluate the main subjects addressed in the literature,

Table 9. Most cited documents and subjects.

Paper	Subject
(Al-Okaily, 2024)	This paper evaluates the effectiveness of accounting information systems (AISs) in Jordanian firms during the COVID-19 pandemic. It extends the previous literature by analysing factors like system quality, information quality, and their impact on individual, workgroup, and organisational performance.
(Jönsson & Grönlund, 1988)	This study investigates the implications of new industrial technologies on management accounting, particularly in decentralised and flexible production systems. It addresses issues such as product costing challenges and trade-offs between flexibility, quality, and efficiency.
(Robey & Rodriguez-Diaz, 1989)	This research explores the cultural and organisational challenges faced by multinational corporations when implementing automated accounting systems in subsidiaries. It highlights the role of local management involvement in successful implementation.
(Lea & Fredendall, 2002)	This study examines the interaction between management accounting systems and product mix decisions in highly automated manufacturing environments, using computer simulation to evaluate performance under different scenarios.
(Al-Okaily et al., 2023a)	This paper investigates the impact of digital accounting systems on decision-making quality in Jordanian banks. It further analyses the role of data and system quality, mediated by information quality, in improving decision outcomes.
(Bonyuet, 2020)	This study reviews the implications of blockchain technology for accounting, focusing on its potential to transform auditing processes and enhance transparency through a decentralised ledger system.
(Leoni & Parker, 2019)	This paper examines governance and management control in digital platforms like Airbnb. It highlights how accounting systems enable surveillance and control of users to maintain value creation in sharing-economy platforms.
(Chiarini, 2012)	This research compares traditional accounting with Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Value Stream Accounting in lean production environments, using a case study of a small-to-medium-sized enterprise (SME).
(Lehner et al., 2022)	This paper identifies ethical challenges associated with AI-based accounting systems, such as objectivity, privacy, and accountability, and discusses these within a framework of ethical decision-making.
(Lutfi et al., 2022a)	This research develops a model to examine the determinants and performance impact of digital accounting systems (DASs) among SMEs in Jordan, incorporating factors like organisational readiness, government support, and COVID-19’s moderating role.
(Scarbrough et al., 1991)	This study identifies key Japanese management accounting practices, particularly in factory automation environments, focusing on target costing and cost analysis for strategic decision-making.
(Al-Okaily et al., 2023b)	This paper investigates the antecedents of blockchain technology adoption in digital accounting, emphasising the role of perceived usefulness and ease of use in driving adoption.
(Lutfi et al., 2022b)	This study evaluates electronic accounting (e-accounting) systems in Jordanian firms, analysing their impact on user satisfaction and business performance.
(Zhang et al., 2021)	This paper proposes a financial ticket recognition system for automating accounting processes, improving efficiency and accuracy in financial document handling.
(Goldhar & Jelinek, 1990)	This study discusses the long-term societal and organisational impacts of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), focusing on innovation and the strategic use of advanced technologies.
(Omar et al., 2024)	This paper explores the role of digitalisation in enhancing public sector accounting transparency and accountability, discussing strategic preparation for digital transitions.
(ALSaqa et al., 2019)	This research analyses the potential of blockchain technology in improving accounting information systems, focusing on its implications for automation and reliability.
(Alkhatib et al., 2019)	This study investigates factors influencing the voluntary adoption of digital reporting by small private companies in the UK, highlighting the role of technological competence and standardisation benefits.
(Saleh et al., 2021)	This study investigates the effect of artificial intelligence on the integration and quality of accounting information systems in Jordanian hotels, highlighting its potential to enhance financial statement interpretation and reduce information risks.
(Al-Fatlawi et al., 2021)	This paper explores the role of IT governance in improving the security of accounting information systems in the Iraqi banking sector, demonstrating how governance mechanisms can enhance data security and reduce risks.
(Alsharari & El-Aziz Youssef, 2017)	This research examines management accounting changes in the Jordanian Customs Organisation, focusing on the implementation of the Government Financial Management Information System (GFMIS) and its impact on public sector reforms and fiscal management.
(Kerremans et al., 1991)	This study analyses the effects of technological advancements in production methods on cost accounting systems in Belgian manufacturing companies, highlighting shifts in cost structures and the need for improved cost traceability.
(Yao et al., 2023)	This paper investigates the role of a “Green Institutional Environment” in promoting renewable energy investments, proposing policies to strengthen green accounting systems and regulatory frameworks.
(Tingey-Holyoak et al., 2021)	This study develops a model integrating accounting and agricultural information systems to improve water productivity and profitability in Australian potato farming, demonstrating how such systems can enhance sustainability.
(Chyzhevska et al., 2021)	This paper discusses how digitalisation transforms business processes and accounting systems, recommending the adoption of technologies like AI, blockchain, and IoT to modernise accounting practices.
(Monteiro et al., 2021)	This research examines the role of internal control and accounting information systems in improving the quality of financial reporting and the usefulness of financial information for decision-making.
(Azman et al., 2021)	This paper discusses the evolution from manual to automated bookkeeping systems, emphasising AI’s role in improving efficiency and accuracy, particularly for SMEs in Malaysia.
(Phornlaphatrachakorn & Kalasindhu, 2021)	This study analyses the impact of digital accounting on financial reporting quality, accounting information usefulness, and strategic decision-making in Thai firms, with digital transformation as a moderating variable.
(Kuhner & Pelger, 2015)	This paper uses an analytical model to explore the relationship between stewardship and valuation usefulness in accounting, questioning whether standard-setting adequately addresses stewardship objectives.
(Fernandez et al., 2018)	This research identifies challenges in implementing ERP systems in Malaysian public sector organisations, highlighting issues like bureaucracy and lack of skills as barriers to successful adoption.
(Swanson, 2020)	This study reviews the historical development of modern information systems, emphasising their role in facilitating transactions and their transformation into vital social and economic infrastructure.
(Ionescu, 2021)	This paper analyses the integration of big data analytics and AI into cloud-based accounting information systems, highlighting their potential for advancing real-time automated accounting services.
(Sani & Tiamiyu, 2005)	This study evaluates automated information services in Nigerian universities, identifying barriers such as inadequate funding and infrastructure while recommending strategies to improve automation.
(Zhyvko et al., 2022)	This paper addresses the digitalisation of management accounting systems, focusing on cybersecurity risks and measures to safeguard data integrity and system security.
(Mosweu & Ngoepe, 2020)	This study explores how digital records in Botswana’s public sector ERP systems are authenticated to support auditing, contributing to the literature on the reliability of digital accounting records.
(Vedernikova et al., 2020)	This research compares traditional costing with Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) in assembly industries, highlighting the advantages of TDABC in improving cost accuracy and efficiency.
(Panasenko et al., 2021)	This paper discusses strategies for e-commerce enterprises to enhance operational efficiency through digital transformation, including the automation of accounting and analytical systems and the adoption of innovative payment technologies.
(Poppe et al., 2023)	This study examines the impact of blockchain technology on sustainable performance in Vietnamese manufacturing businesses, highlighting the mediating role of management accounting systems and the moderating role of digital transformation.
(Nguyen et al., 2023)	This paper analyses Green GDP (GGDP) and its implications for sustainable development, focusing on the case of Zhejiang Province, China, and its shift from an industrial to a service-oriented economy.
(Qi et al., 2021)	This experimental study explores the use of Very High-Level Languages (VHLLs) for management system development, demonstrating productivity gains in accounting system creation by non-programmers.
(Cheng et al., 1984)	This research focuses on the digitalisation of financial reporting through the adoption of Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), examining bibliometric trends and the development of geographical research clusters.
(Vysochan et al., 2023)	This study applies cloud computing to accounting management systems in Chinese SMEs, demonstrating its efficiency in improving economic settlements while addressing risks associated with accounting informatisation.
(Zhao et al., 2022)	This paper analyses the challenges and trends in digitalising accounting in Ukraine, identifying key technologies and obstacles such as insufficient infrastructure, regulatory gaps, and low levels of investment.
(Petchenko et al., 2023)	This paper proposes a blockchain-based framework for transaction reconciliation between multiple parties, aimed at reducing costs and reconciliation time while eliminating redundancies in existing accounting systems.
(Gomaa et al., 2023)	This study explores the transformation of enterprise activities through the digitalisation of business processes, discussing how technological innovations enhance competitiveness and alter business management practices.
(Lytvyn et al., 2022)	This research discusses the transformation from financial to management accounting under artificial intelligence, proposing a self-management accounting system based on a rule engine for improved efficiency and decision-making.
(Liu et al., 2022)	This study investigates the impact of digital accounting systems (DASs) on corporate governance in Yemeni pharmaceutical companies, focusing on system quality, information quality, and IFRS adoption as key drivers.
(Al-Hattami et al., 2024)	This research addresses system quality, information quality, perceived usefulness, and ease of use as significant factors influencing SMEs’ continued adoption of digital accounting systems.
(Al-Hattami & Almaqtari, 2023)	This study focuses on the interplay of socio-material knowledge templates in shaping accounting practices and suggests modular, decentralised accounting as a potential future.
(Berlinski & Morales, 2024)	This paper demonstrates that computerised accounting systems improve decision-making, controls, and performance in Somali SMEs, despite challenges with data reliability.

presents the top 50 most cited documents and identifies the main subject of each.

The analysis of the top 50 most cited documents shows a set of main underlying subjects that form the basis of the research stream. A more concise approach is presented in

Table 10. Main underlying themes.

Theme	Authors
Digital Accounting Systems and Information Quality	(Al-Hattami et al., 2024; Al-Hattami & Almaqtari, 2023; Al-Okaily, 2024; Al-Okaily et al., 2023a; Lutfi et al., 2022a)
Blockchain in Accounting	(ALSaqa et al., 2019; Bonyuet, 2020; Gomaa et al., 2023; Nguyen et al., 2023)
Artificial Intelligence in Accounting	(Ionescu, 2021; Lehner et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022; Saleh et al., 2021)
Digital Transformation and Automation	(Chyzhevska et al., 2021; Monteiro et al., 2021; Omar et al., 2024; Zhao et al., 2022)
Governance and Control in Accounting	(Al-Fatlawi et al., 2021; Leoni & Parker, 2019; Vedernikova et al., 2020)
ERP Systems and Financial Management	(Fernandez et al., 2018; Mosweu & Ngoepe, 2020; Phornlaphatrachakorn & Kalasindhu, 2021)
Sustainability and Green Accounting	(Poppe et al., 2023; Qi et al., 2021; Yao et al., 2023)
Costing Systems and Innovations	(Chiarini, 2012; Kerremans et al., 1991; Scarbrough et al., 1991)
Automation Challenges and Barriers	(Panasenko et al., 2021; Petchenko et al., 2023; Sani & Tiamiyu, 2005)
Historical and Theoretical Studies	(Berlinski & Morales, 2024; Jönsson & Grönlund, 1988; Swanson, 2020)
Technological Integration in Accounting	(Lea & Fredendall, 2002; Robey & Rodriguez-Diaz, 1989; Zhyvko et al., 2022)

, which aggregates the top 50 most cited documents based on their main underlying topics.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

5.1. Discussion

The analysis of the scientific literature on digital accounting, automation, and AI integration in accounting systems provides an overview of the research output and landscape within the research stream. This research draws on 208 documents published between 1954 and 2024 and reveals a growing academic interest, showing an exponential increase in published documents in the last few years, especially since 2018.

The results show that research on digital and automated accounting emerged in the 1950s and remained relatively stagnant until the 1980s. This aspect aligns with the early adoption of computer systems in accounting and suggests that the growth in academic interest began with the arrival of digital transformation. A similar trend can be observed with the increase in publication output from 2018 onwards, which seems to reflect the rapid integration of AI, robotic process automation, and blockchain in accounting practices. Both trends, the early emergence in the 1980s as well as the recent increase, are aligned with the previous literature addressing this issue, emphasising the role of automation in efficiency and effectiveness gains (Cooper et al., 2019) through the integration of software robots and AI into existing systems, linking departments and remote automated monitoring (Gnatiuk et al., 2023) and enabling accounting and management staff to be released from routine work so they can focus on creative processes (Slavinskaitė, 2022), thereby saving time and labour resources while ensuring accurate financial information (Gahramanov, 2022). Furthermore, the process of automation and integration of AI into accounting systems also addresses a major goal of companies to increase efficiency and provide timely and useful information through more accurate reporting, improved control of accounting operations, error avoidance, compliance, and trust in the reliability of financial data, allowing optimisation, improving working processes, and making timely management decisions within companies (Chipriyanova & Krasteva-Hristova, 2023; Łada & Martinek-Jaguszewska, 2023).

Regarding the geographical distribution of publications, the results show that the research activity is concentrated in specific regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Contributions from Africa and South America remain relatively low. On the other hand, collaboration networks remain somewhat fragmented, with multiple independent research clusters. Despite some authors establishing strong collaboration networks, the lack of cross-group cooperation may limit knowledge integration.

The co-occurrence network highlights several dominant themes in the literature. The most relevant are (1) accounting systems, finance, AI, and efficiency, suggesting a strong focus on the adoption of AI for financial decision-making and operational improvements; (2) information systems, blockchain, and digital storage, indicating an interest in technological integration for secure and efficient data management; and (3) automation, decision-making, and management information systems, which may reflect the increasing role of AI and automation in strategic financial processes. The most cited documents reinforce these thematic areas. Studies on digital accounting systems and information quality (Al-Okaily, 2024; Lutfi et al., 2022a) emphasise the role of AI and automation in improving financial reporting accuracy. On the other hand, research on blockchain in accounting (ALSaqa et al., 2019; Bonyuet, 2020) highlights its potential for enhancing transparency and security. Moreover, artificial intelligence applications in accounting (Ionescu, 2021; Lehner et al., 2022) represent an emerging and important research topic, with studies exploring AI-driven auditing, fraud detection, and decision support systems.

Regarding emerging trends and future directions, the results indicate that trending topics are shifting from fundamental accounting concepts to emerging technologies. Early research addressed mostly financial management, cost accounting, and decision-making, while recent studies increasingly explore AI, blockchain, and digital storage. This process suggests that the research field is evolving from basic automation to AI-driven decision-making systems. Consequently, the results suggest that future research will be driven by (1) AI and machine learning in accounting, investigating how AI-driven models can enhance predictive analytics, fraud detection, and financial forecasting; (2) blockchain and secure accounting systems, addressing how distributed ledger technologies can improve auditability, compliance, and transparency in financial transactions; (3) sustainability and green accounting, assessing how digital accounting systems can integrate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting for sustainable business practices; and (4) interdisciplinary approaches, encouraging collaboration between accounting, computer science, and business management to develop more robust, resilient, and intelligent financial systems.

5.2. Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that automation in accounting presents both opportunities and challenges. While AI and digitalisation enhance efficiency, accuracy, and compliance, they also raise concerns regarding job displacement, cybersecurity risks, and ethical considerations in financial decision-making. Despite these concerns, previous research has emphasised the role of automation in improving work quality and accuracy, thereby saving accountants’ time (Fernández & Aman, 2018) while also enhancing outcomes and employee productivity through high-performing hybrid teams of humans and robots (Ernst & Young Global Limited, 2019). However, despite the opportunities arising from this transformation process, policymakers and industry leaders must address these challenges by implementing frameworks that support technological adoption while ensuring its responsible use. On the other hand, from a theoretical perspective, the obtained results highlight a relevant research stream, representing a transformative topic within accounting, accounting systems, information management, and decision-making. In conclusion, digital and automated accounting represent significant progress for the financial sector, promoting greater efficiency, transparency, and reliability in accounting information. However, for this transition to be successful, it is essential for organisations to invest in training their professionals and implementing secure and efficient systems. The future of accounting is closely connected to technological evolution, and companies that can adapt to this new context are likely to gain competitive advantages in the global market.

The observed trends in automation and AI adoption in accounting systems align with the Technology Acceptance Model. Nevertheless, this alignment requires a systematic assessment of how perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence accounting professionals’ intention to adopt and use new technologies (Lee et al., 2003). Therefore, perceived usefulness and ease of use should continue to drive technology acceptance among accounting professionals.

The results of this study establish several important future research directions for accounting research. Despite the clarity and relevance of the results, there are some limitations to note. First, despite the wide use of bibliometric analysis to track the evolution of academic output in multiple scientific fields, bibliometric analysis uses a quantitative approach that risks overrepresenting some topics while underrepresenting others. The search procedures, especially the search query, can influence these risks. The authors implemented solutions to avoid this issue, namely, by analysing all the documents in the dataset and removing those that did not address the research topics. The detailed analysis of the top 50 most cited papers, identifying relevant themes intersecting with the trend topics, further enhanced confidence in the obtained results. Furthermore, although the number of documents in the dataset could be larger, it was above the minimum threshold suggested in the literature (Rogers et al., 2020). A different approach could also be adopted, such as conducting a systematic literature review. However, the obtained results and insights provide confidence in the timeliness and significance of this study.