Development and Evaluation of Interprofessional High-Fidelity Simulation Course on Medication Therapy Consultation for German Pharmacy and Medical Students—A Randomized Controlled Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Randomization Procedure
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Objective Structured Clinical Examination
2.4. Training Sessions
2.5. Instruments
2.5.1. High-Fidelity Simulators
2.5.2. Nordic RecMobile System
2.5.3. Medicheck
2.5.4. Cases for OSCEs
2.5.5. Assessment Checklist
2.5.6. Self-Assessment Questionnaire
2.5.7. Attitudes Survey toward Interprofessional Learning
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Checklist Scores for OSCEs
3.2.1. Checklist Scores Control and Intervention Groups (HFS-Adult)
3.2.2. Checklist Scores Control and Intervention Groups (HFS-Pediatric)
4. Self-Assessment Questionnaire
4.1. Intervention and Control Groups (HFS-Adult)
4.2. Intervention and Control Groups (HFS-Paediatric)
5. Attitude Survey toward Interprofessional Collaboration
5.1. Intervention and Control Groups (HFS-Adult)
5.2. Intervention and Control Groups (HFS-Paediatric)
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. OSCE Checklist
OSCE Checklist | ||||
Participant code: | Date: | |||
| Comments | |||
A.1 The participant introduces him/herself to the patient by name and role. | ||||
A2 Confirms patient’s identity (name, date of birth) | ||||
A2.1 The participant asks the patient to provide his/her surname and first name. | ||||
A2.2 The participant asks the patient to provide his/her date of birth to ensure accurate identification. | ||||
A3 Discusses the purpose of the consultation. | ||||
A3.1 The participant explains the purpose of the drug therapy consultation to the patient. | ||||
A3.2 The participant gains the patient’s consent to proceed with the drug therapy consultation. | ||||
| Comments | |||
B1 History of Present Illness | ||||
B1.1 The participant asks for further information about the patient’s main concern. | ||||
B1.2 The participant asks for further information about the timing of the symptoms (onset and duration). | ||||
B1.3 The participant asks about any associated symptoms that the patient has noticed. | ||||
B1.4 The participant assesses the patient’s adherence to current medications. | ||||
B1.5 The participant asks about any prescribed or over-the-counter medications that the patient is currently taking, which may not be listed in the patient sheet. | ||||
B2 Lab Values/Vital signs Interpretation | ||||
B2.1 The participant assesses any abnormal lab values that may indicate risk. | ||||
B2.2 The participant assesses the patient’s vital signs. | ||||
B3 Personal and Social History (the participant asks for further information about only one point depending on the OSCE case, other points are mentioned in the patient information sheet) | ||||
B3.1 ask for information about tobacco. | ||||
B3.2 ask for information about Alcohol. | ||||
B3.3 ask for information about usual dietary practices. | ||||
B3.4 ask for information about current physical activity. | ||||
B3.5 ask for information about trafficability. | ||||
| Comments | |||
C1 Drug Interactions and Side Effects | ||||
C1.1 The participant identifies possible drug–drug interactions in the patient’s medications. | ||||
C1.2 The participant provides optimization recommendations to possible drug–drug interactions related to point C1.1. | ||||
C1.3 The participant recognises possible drug-related problem. | ||||
C1.4 The participant explains the reasons for occurrence of the drug-related problem related to point C1.3. | ||||
C1.5 The participant provides optimisation recommendations related to point C1.3. | ||||
C2 Administration Timing/Technique and Side Effects: | ||||
C2.1 The participant asks about the patient’s understanding of the appropriate administration timing or technique for a particular medication. | ||||
C2.2 The participant recognises inappropriate administration timing or technique related to point C2.1. | ||||
C2.3 The participant explains the reasons for the side effects that occurred due the identified inappropriate administration timing/technique. | ||||
C2.4 The participant provides optimisation recommendations related to inappropriate timing or technique related to point C2.1. | ||||
C2.5 The participant provides further recommendations related to administration timing/technique depend on each case. | ||||
| Comments | |||
D.1 The participant instructs the patient to report his/her medications (including over-the-counter products/food supplements) to the physician. | ||||
D.2 The participant provides opportunity to the patient to ask any further questions. | ||||
D3. The participant expresses gratitude for the patient’s collaboration and asks the patient to follow up. | ||||
| Comments | |||
E.1 The participant listens actively and allows the patient to complete statements. | ||||
E.2 The participant uses open and closed questions when appropriate. | ||||
E.3 The participant responds effectively to the patient’s questions and concerns in informative and reassuring way. | ||||
E.4 The participant shows support and respond to the patient’s feelings (angry/frustrated) and needs. | ||||
E.5 The participant avoids scientific words (unnecessary jargon) and explain medical concepts in patient-friendly terms. | ||||
E.6 The participant demonstrates confidence during the consultation, avoiding moments of silence and confusion. | ||||
E.7 The participant maintains control over the drug therapy consultation and avoids irrelevant discussions. | ||||
E.8 The participant employs effective non-verbal communication including appropriate gestures and friendly facial expressions. | ||||
E.9 The participant manages the OSCE time effectively and ensures that the drug therapy consultation remains within the designated time frame. | ||||
Name of examiner: | Date: | |||
Signature of examiner: |
Appendix B
HFS-Adult | HFS-Pediatric | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention Mean (SD) | Control Mean (SD) | Intervention Mean (SD) | Control Mean (SD) | |
Section 1 | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 0.44 (0.53) | 0.13 (0.35) | 1.00 (0.53) | 1.50 (0.53) |
Post-OSCE Score | 1.89 (1.27) | 1.88 (0.83) | 3.25 (1.16) | 3.25 (0.71) |
Score Difference | 1.44 (1.33) | 1.75 (0.89) | 2.25 (1.39) | 1.75 (1.04) |
p-Value | 0.818 | 0.323 | ||
Section 2 | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 1.56 (0.73) | 2.00 (1.07) | 1.38 (1.19) | 2.25 (0.89) |
Post-OSCE Score | 4.78 (0.97) | 3.38 (0.92) | 4.88 (0.83) | 4.13 (1.25) |
Score Difference | 3.22 (1.09) | 1.38 (0.74) | 3.50 (1.20) | 1.88 (0.83) |
p-Value | 0.002 | 0.008 | ||
Section 3 | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 1.00 (0.87) | 2.88 (1.13) | 1.00 (0.76) | 1.25 (1.04) |
Post-OSCE Score | 6.44 (2.13) | 5.38 (2.07) | 6.13 (1.25) | 4.38 (1.51) |
Score Difference | 5.44 (2.30) | 2.50 (1.93) | 5.13 (0.83) | 3.13 (1.96) |
p-Value | 0.008 | 0.016 | ||
Section 4 | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 1.11 (0.60) | 0.75 (0.71) | 0.75 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.53) |
Post-OSCE Score | 2.00 (0.71) | 1.63 (0.74) | 1.25 (0.46) | 1.38 (0.74) |
Score Difference | 0.89 (0.60) | 0.88 (0.64) | 0.50 (0.53) | 0.38 (0.74) |
p-Value | 0.583 | 0.5 | ||
Section 5 | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 5.78 (0.97) | 6.25 (1.04) | 4.88 (1.73) | 5.38 (1.41) |
Post-OSCE Score | 8.11 (0.60) | 7.25 (1.49) | 7.75 (0.46) | 7.75 (0.46) |
Score Difference | 2.33 (1.12) | 0.88 (0.83) | 2.88 (1.55) | 2.25 (1.39) |
p-Value | 0.009 | 0.206 | ||
Total | ||||
Pre-OSCE Score | 9.89 (1.27) | 12.00 (2.20) | 9.00 (2.27) | 11.38 (2.56) |
Post-OSCE Score | 23.22 (2.22) | 19.50 (4.41) | 23.25 (1.28) | 20.88 (3.27) |
Score Difference | 13.33 (2.40) | 7.38 (3.29) | 14.25 (2.38) | 9.38 (2.20) |
p-Value | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Appendix C
Group | Pre-Training | Post-Training |
---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | |
(CI) | (CI) | |
Intervention | 41.22 | 54.78 |
(n = 9) | (3.18) | (1.38) |
Control | 46.38 | 51.38 |
(n = 8) | (3.68) | (2.77) |
Group | Pre-Training | Post-Training |
---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | |
(CI) | (CI) | |
Intervention | 43.38 | 52.13 |
(n = 8) | (2.64) | (2.38) |
Control | 40.63 | 48.88 |
(n = 8) | (3.87) | (3.00) |
Group | Intervention (Pharmacy Students) (n = 9) | Intervention (Medical Students) (n = 9) | Control (Pharmacy Students) (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 47.22 | 46.44 | 45.63 |
(CI) | (1.75) | (1.39) | (2.09) |
Group | Intervention (Pharmacy Students) (n = 8) | Intervention (Medical Students) (n = 8) | Control (Pharmacy Students) (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 47.00 | 48.00 | 43.38 |
(CI) | (2.19) | (1.57) | (2.67) |
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Pharmacy Participants | HFS-Adult (n = 17) | HFS-Pediatric (n = 16) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention (n = 9) | Control (n = 8) | Intervention (n = 8) | Control (n = 8) | ||
Age | Mean (±SD) | 24 (±2.205) | 25 (±3.615) | 25 (±4.062) | 25 (±2.268) |
Median | 23 | 23 | 23.5 | 24 | |
Range | 21–28 | 22–32 | 22–34 | 22–29 | |
Gender | Male, n (%) | 1 (11%) | 2 (25%) | 3 (37%) | 0 (0%) |
Female, n (%) | 8 (89%) | 6 (75%) | 5 (63%) | 8 (100%) | |
Experience in drug therapy consultation (e.g., outpatient or inpatient hospitals) | |||||
Yes, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12%) | 1 (12%) | 0 (0%) | |
No, n (%) | 9 (100%) | 7 (88%) | 7 (88%) | 8 (100%) |
Medical Participants | HFS-Adult (n = 9) | HFS-Pediatric (n = 8) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Mean (±SD) | 24 (±2.550) | 23 (±0.518) |
Median | 23 | 23.5 | |
Range | 22–29 | 22–23 | |
Gender | Male, n (%) | 5 (56%) | 2 (25%) |
Female, n (%) | 4 (44%) | 6 (75%) | |
Experience in drug therapy consultation (e.g., outpatient or inpatient hospitals) | |||
Yes, n (%) | 6 (67%) | 3 (37%) | |
No, n (%) | 3 (33%) | 5 (63%) |
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Sharkas, A.R.; Ali Sherazi, B.; Sayyed, S.A.; Kinny, F.; Steichert, M.; Schwender, H.; Laeer, S. Development and Evaluation of Interprofessional High-Fidelity Simulation Course on Medication Therapy Consultation for German Pharmacy and Medical Students—A Randomized Controlled Study. Pharmacy 2024, 12, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12040128
Sharkas AR, Ali Sherazi B, Sayyed SA, Kinny F, Steichert M, Schwender H, Laeer S. Development and Evaluation of Interprofessional High-Fidelity Simulation Course on Medication Therapy Consultation for German Pharmacy and Medical Students—A Randomized Controlled Study. Pharmacy. 2024; 12(4):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12040128
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharkas, Ahmed Reda, Bushra Ali Sherazi, Shahzad Ahmad Sayyed, Florian Kinny, Melina Steichert, Holger Schwender, and Stephanie Laeer. 2024. "Development and Evaluation of Interprofessional High-Fidelity Simulation Course on Medication Therapy Consultation for German Pharmacy and Medical Students—A Randomized Controlled Study" Pharmacy 12, no. 4: 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12040128
APA StyleSharkas, A. R., Ali Sherazi, B., Sayyed, S. A., Kinny, F., Steichert, M., Schwender, H., & Laeer, S. (2024). Development and Evaluation of Interprofessional High-Fidelity Simulation Course on Medication Therapy Consultation for German Pharmacy and Medical Students—A Randomized Controlled Study. Pharmacy, 12(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12040128