Improving Asthma Management: Patient–Pharmacist Partnership Program in Enhancing Therapy Adherence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey #1: Your Asthma Experiences
Note: Inhaler below Refers to CONTROLLER Inhaler | Strongly Agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly Disagree |
I just forget to use my inhaler some of the time | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I run out of my inhaler because I don’t get refills on time | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Using my inhaler more than once a day is inconvenient | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I feel confident that my inhaler will help me | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I know how to use my inhaler correctly | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I have an Asthma Action Plan and know if I am reaching my goals | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I have someone I can call with questions about my inhaler | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
My doctor/nurse and I work together to make decisions | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
I only use my inhaler when I am having symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, or chest tightness | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Have you… | In the last week | In the last month | In the last 3 months | >3 months ago | Never |
Used your inhaler more or less often than prescribed? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Skipped or stopped using your inhaler because you didn’t think it was working? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Skipped or stopped using your inhaler because it made you feel bad? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Skipped, stopped, not refilled, or used less of inhaler because of the cost? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Not had your inhaler with you when it was time to use it? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
Every day | Once a week | Once a month | When asthma worsens | I don’t have one | |
How often do you use your peak flow meter? | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
☐ Hypertension | ☐ Dyslipidemia | ☐ Diabetes | ☐ Depression |
☐ Chronic Pain | ☐ Gastrointestinal disorder | ☐ Thyroid disorder | ☐ Heart disease |
☐ Arthritis | ☐ Obesity | ☐ Other, Please specify _______________________ |
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Variable | Respondents (N = 17) | Non-Respondents (N = 19) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 41.7 | 16.6 | 38.9 | 13.3 | 0.58 |
N | % | N | % | ||
Female | 10 | 58.8 | 14 | 73.7 | 0.34 |
Race/ethnicity | N/A 1 | ||||
Caucasian | 7 | 41.2 | 12 | 63.2 | |
African American | 2 | 11.8 | 2 | 10.5 | |
Hispanic/Latino | 3 | 17.6 | 5 | 26.3 | |
Other | 5 | 29.4 | - | ||
Level of education | N/A 1 | ||||
Primary | - | 1 | 5.3 | ||
Some high school | 3 | 17.6 | 1 | 5.3 | |
High school | 3 | 17.6 | 2 | 10.5 | |
Some college | 5 | 29.4 | 3 | 15.8 | |
College | 4 | 23.5 | 8 | 42.1 | |
Postgraduate | 2 | 11.8 | 4 | 21.0 | |
Chronic condition(s) | N/A 1 | ||||
None 2 | 6 | 35.3 | 7 | 36.8 | |
Hypertension | 4 | 23.5 | 6 | 31.6 | |
Diabetes | 1 | 5.9 | 2 | 10.5 | |
Dyslipidemia | 1 | 5.9 | 4 | 21.0 | |
Other 3 | 8 | 47.1 | 11 | 57.9 | |
ACT, mean (SD) | 15.1 | 3.5 | 19.4 | 3.7 | 0.001 |
Control level | 0.001 | ||||
≤19 (uncontrolled) | 16 | 94.1 | 8 | 42.1 | |
>19 (controlled) | 1 | 5.9 | 11 | 57.9 | |
Barrier to adherence score, mean (SD) 4 | 31.2 | 7.2 | 28.7 | 7.9 | 0.33 |
Number of barriers, mean (SD) | 4.2 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 2.3 | 0.5 |
Pre Period | Post Period | p-Value 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual Barriers | Median 1 (IQR) | Barrier Present 2 N (%) | Median 1 (IQR) | Barrier Present2 N (%) | |
| 2.0 (3.0) | 7 (41.2%) | 2.0 (2.0) | 6 (35.3%) | 0.8174 |
| 2.0 (1.0) | 4 (23.5%) | 2.0 (2.0) | 4 (23.5%) | 0.9863 |
| 2.0 (2.0) | 5 (29.4%) | 2.0 (2.0) | 5 (29.4%) | 0.9844 |
| 2.0 (1.0) | 1 (5.9%) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.6250 |
| 1.0 (1.0) | 1 (5.9%) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1 (5.9%) | 1.0 |
| 4.0 (1.0) | 9 (52.9%) | 2.0 (1.0) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.0034 |
| 2.0 (1.0) | 3 (17.6%) | 2.0 (0) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.0972 |
| 3.0 (1.0) | 4 (23.5%) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0 (0%) | 0.0010 |
| 2.0 (2.0) | 6 (35.3%) | 2.0 (3.0) | 6 (35.3%) | 0.9922 |
| 3.0 (3.0) | 8 (47.1%) | 1.0 (3.0) | 7 (41.2%) | 0.7500 |
| 1.0 (0) | 1 (5.9%) | 1.0 (0) | 0 (0%) | 0.7500 |
| 1.0 (0) | 0 (0%) | 1.0 (0) | 0(0%) | 1.0 |
| 1.0 (0) | 1 (5.9%) | 1.0 (0) | 0 (0%) | 0.6250 |
| 2.0 (3.0) | 6 (35.3%) | 1.0 (3.0) | 6 (35.3%) | 0.8232 |
Total Barrier Scale Score 4 | 30.0 (8.0) | 29.0 (10.0) | 0.0530 |
Pre Median (IQR) | 3-Month Post Median (IQR) | p-Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
ACT | 16.0 (3.0) | 18.0 (8.0) | 0.060 |
Barrier score | |||
Overall 1 | 30.0 (8.0) | 29.0 (10.0) | 0.053 |
Subscales 2 | |||
Behavior | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.370 |
Forgetfulness | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.772 |
Beliefs | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.8) | 0.008 |
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Makhinova, T.; Barner, J.C.; Brown, C.M.; Richards, K.M.; Rascati, K.L.; Nag, A. Improving Asthma Management: Patient–Pharmacist Partnership Program in Enhancing Therapy Adherence. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010034
Makhinova T, Barner JC, Brown CM, Richards KM, Rascati KL, Nag A. Improving Asthma Management: Patient–Pharmacist Partnership Program in Enhancing Therapy Adherence. Pharmacy. 2022; 10(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010034
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakhinova, Tatiana, Jamie C. Barner, Carolyn M. Brown, Kristin M. Richards, Karen L. Rascati, and Arpita Nag. 2022. "Improving Asthma Management: Patient–Pharmacist Partnership Program in Enhancing Therapy Adherence" Pharmacy 10, no. 1: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10010034