Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Growth and N Status of Maize Genotypes under N Deficiency
2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Metabolites of Maize Genotypes
2.3. Metabolite Profiling of the Leaf and Root of Maize Genotypes under N Treatments
2.4. Pathway Network and MESA Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Cultivation, N-Deficiency and N-Restoration Treatments
4.2. Sample Preparation
4.3. Metabolite Extraction
4.4. Normalization and Metabolite Identification
4.5. PCA and Statistical Analysis for Metabolite Profiling
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NUE | Nitrogen Use Efficiency |
GC–MS | Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
LNT | Low-N tolerant (PEHM-2) |
LNS | Low-N sensitive (HM-4) |
HMW | High Molecular Weight Compounds |
LMW | Low Molecular Weight Compounds |
PCA | Principle component Analysis |
PC1 | Principle Component 1 |
FDR | False Discovery Rate |
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Growth and Physiological Parameters | HM-4 Genotype | PEHM-2 Genotype | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sufficient-N (4.5 mM) | Low-N (0.05 mM) | Sufficient-N (4.5 mM) | Low-N (0.05 mM) | |
Shoot length (cm/plant) | 16.33a | 10.07b | 15.73a | 15.11a |
Root length (cm/plant) | 23.52b | 27.27a | 27.47a | 25.73a |
Plant Biomass (g/plant) | 1.23a | 0.88b | 1.67a | 1.55b |
Leaf area (cm2/plant) | 64.7a | 47.9b | 96.1a | 77.1b |
Photosynthetic rate (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 27.3a | 20.7b | 29.7a | 27.19b |
Total Chlorophyll (mg g−1 FW) | 1.79a | 1.12b | 1.86a | 1.88a |
NR activity (µmol g−1 FWh−1) | 5.35a | 3.74b | 5.19a | 4.75b |
Concentration of nitrogen (%) | 3.17a | 2.07b | 3.18a | 2.87b |
Plant N uptake (mg/plant) | 38.9a | 18.2b | 53.10a | 44.4b |
Metabolic Pathways | Total | Expected | Hits | Raw p | -LOG (p) | Holm Adjust | FDR p | Impact |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | 46 | 1.90 | 14 | 7.51 × 10−10 | 21.01 | 7.13 × 10−8 | 7.13 × 10−8 | 0.11111 |
Galactose metabolism | 27 | 1.12 | 8 | 6.29 × 10−6 | 11.976 | 0.00059172 | 0.00029901 | 0.33624 |
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | 22 | 0.91 | 7 | 1.51 × 10−5 | 11.104 | 0.0014001 | 0.00047675 | 0.45324 |
Arginine biosynthesis | 18 | 0.74 | 6 | 4.86 × 10−5 | 9.932 | 0.0044707 | 0.0011541 | 0.25729 |
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | 29 | 1.20 | 6 | 0.00087103 | 7.0458 | 0.079263 | 0.01655 | 0.22338 |
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | 33 | 1.36 | 5 | 0.0098897 | 4.6163 | 0.89007 | 0.14956 | 0.51346 |
Starch and sucrose metabolism | 22 | 0.99 | 4 | 0.01102 | 4.508 | 0.98082 | 0.14956 | 0.50234 |
Cyanoamino acid metabolism | 26 | 1.07 | 4 | 0.01991 | 3.9166 | 1 | 0.23643 | 0 |
Pentose and glucuronate inter conversions | 17 | 0.70 | 3 | 0.030183 | 3.5005 | 1 | 0.28673 | 0.09524 |
Butanoate metabolism | 17 | 0.70 | 3 | 0.030183 | 3.5005 | 1 | 0.28673 | 0.13636 |
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | 20 | 0.82 | 3 | 0.046359 | 3.0713 | 1 | 0.39716 | 0.11468 |
Lysine biosynthesis | 9 | 0.37 | 2 | 0.050168 | 2.9924 | 1 | 0.39716 | 0 |
Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | 22 | 0.91 | 3 | 0.05909 | 2.8287 | 1 | 0.43181 | 0 |
Glutathione metabolism | 27 | 1.12 | 3 | 0.097154 | 2.3315 | 1 | 0.61964 | 0.07071 |
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | 13 | 0.54 | 2 | 0.097838 | 2.3244 | 1 | 0.61964 | 0.17576 |
Arginine and proline metabolism | 28 | 1.16 | 3 | 0.10573 | 2.2468 | 1 | 0.6278 | 0.22747 |
Sulfur metabolism | 15 | 0.62 | 2 | 0.12502 | 2.0793 | 1 | 0.69862 | 0.03315 |
Tyrosine metabolism | 18 | 0.74 | 2 | 0.16858 | 1.7803 | 1 | 0.88973 | 0.23784 |
Fructose and mannose metabolism | 20 | 0.82 | 2 | 0.1989 | 1.615 | 1 | 0.99242 | 0.03695 |
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | 21 | 0.87 | 2 | 0.2143 | 1.5404 | 1 | 0.99242 | 0 |
Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis | 6 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.22413 | 1.4955 | 1 | 0.99242 | 0.41176 |
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | 22 | 0.91 | 2 | 0.22982 | 1.4704 | 1 | 0.99242 | 0.02002 |
Tryptophan metabolism | 23 | 0.95 | 2 | 0.24542 | 1.4048 | 1 | 1 | 0.5862 |
Monobactam biosynthesis | 8 | 0.33 | 1 | 0.28724 | 1.2474 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis | 8 | 0.33 | 1 | 0.28724 | 1.2474 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 46 | 1.90 | 3 | 0.29544 | 1.2193 | 1 | 1 | 0.12832 |
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 50 | 2.07 | 3 | 0.3419 | 1.0732 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Nitrogen metabolism | 12 | 0.49 | 1 | 0.3987 | 0.91954 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Selenocompound metabolism | 13 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.42377 | 0.85855 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | 37 | 1.53 | 2 | 0.45794 | 0.78102 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Pyrimidine metabolism | 38 | 1.57 | 2 | 0.47199 | 0.7508 | 1 | 1 | 0.02773 |
Purine metabolism | 63 | 2.60 | 3 | 0.48919 | 0.71499 | 1 | 1 | 0.00383 |
Sphingolipid metabolism | 17 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.51419 | 0.66517 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Lysine degradation | 18 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.53452 | 0.62639 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Beta-Alanine metabolism | 18 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.53452 | 0.62639 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | 18 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.53452 | 0.62639 | 1 | 1 | 0.02239 |
Pentose phosphate pathway | 19 | 0.78 | 1 | 0.55401 | 0.59057 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Propanoate metabolism | 20 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.5727 | 0.55739 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Pyruvate metabolism | 22 | 0.91 | 1 | 0.6078 | 0.49791 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Thiamine metabolism | 22 | 0.91 | 1 | 0.6078 | 0.49791 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | 22 | 0.91 | 1 | 0.6078 | 0.49791 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | 23 | 0.95 | 1 | 0.62427 | 0.47117 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | 27 | 1.12 | 1 | 0.68363 | 0.38034 | 1 | 1 | 0.11368 |
Inositol phosphate metabolism | 28 | 1.16 | 1 | 0.69696 | 0.36102 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | 35 | 1.45 | 1 | 0.77603 | 0.25356 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | 35 | 1.45 | 1 | 0.77603 | 0.25356 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
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Ganie, A.H.; Pandey, R.; Kumar, M.N.; Chinnusamy, V.; Iqbal, M.; Ahmad, A. Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions. Plants 2020, 9, 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111459
Ganie AH, Pandey R, Kumar MN, Chinnusamy V, Iqbal M, Ahmad A. Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions. Plants. 2020; 9(11):1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111459
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanie, Arshid Hussain, Renu Pandey, M. Nagaraj Kumar, Viswanathan Chinnusamy, Muhammad Iqbal, and Altaf Ahmad. 2020. "Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions" Plants 9, no. 11: 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111459