The Use of Nitrogen and Its Regulation in Cereals: Structural Genes, Transcription Factors, and the Role of miRNAs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Use of Nitrogen in Cereals
2.1. Nitrogen Uptake and Transport
2.2. Nitrogen Reduction and Assimilation
2.3. Nitrogen Translocation and Remobilization
3. Transcription Factors Regulating N Use in Cereals
4. MiRNAs and Target Genes Involved in the Regulation of N Use in Cereals
4.1. MiRNA Regulation of N Uptake
4.2. MiRNA Regulation of N Remobilization
4.3. Other N Stress Responsive miRNAs
miRNA/Gene | Species Transformed | Genetic Modification | Genes Functionally Validated as miRNA Targets | Effects of the Transgenic/Knockout Gene or miRNA | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Osa-miR393 | O. sativa | Overexpression and Knockout mutation | OsAFB2 and OsTB1 | Overexpression mimicked N-mediated tillering and knockout mutation repressed N-promoted tillering | [81] |
OsDof18 | Knockout mutation | Reduction of the expression of ammonium transporter genes and ammonium uptake | [61] | ||
Osa-miR528 | A. stolonifera | Transgenic expression | AAO, COPPER ION BINDING PROTEIN1 | Increasing of biomass, total N accumulation and chlorophyll synthesis, nitrite reductase activity and reduced AAO activity | [80] |
Zma-miR528 | Knockdown mutation | ZmLACCASE3 (ZmLAC3) and ZmLACCASE5 (ZmLAC5) | Significant increasing of lignin content and rind penetrometer resistance of maize stems | [41] | |
ZmLAC3 | Z. mays | Overexpression | Significant increasing of lignin content and rind penetrometer resistance of maize stems | [41] | |
OsGS1 | O. sativa | Overexpression | Improving of N use efficiency | [80] | |
HvGS1-1 | H. vulgare | Overexpression | Higher grain yields and NUE when grown under three different N supplies and two levels of atmospheric CO2. Improving of grain yield and NUE | [44] | |
Tae-MIR444a | N. tabacum | Transgenic expression | NtNRT1.1-s, NtNET1.1-t, NtNRT2.1 and AEEs; NtCAT1;1, NtPOD1;3, and NtPOD4 | Increasing of N acquisition and cellular ROS detoxification in N-deprived plants | [76] |
ZmDof1 | T. aestivum | Transgenic expression | Increasing biomass and yield. Down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis | [60] | |
Zma-miR528 | Z. mays | Overexpression | ZmLAC3 and ZmLAC5 | Reduction of lignin biosynthesis under Nitrogen-Luxury Conditions | [41] |
ZmGln1-3/ZmGln1-4 | Knockout mutation | Reduction of kernel size and kernel number | [42] | ||
SbGln1 | S. bicolor | Overexpression | Greater tillering and up to 2.1-fold increase in shoot vegetative biomass under optimal nitrogen conditions | [43] | |
ZmDof1 | O. sativa | Transgenic expression | Increasing of nitrogen assimilation and enhancing plant growth under low-nitrogen conditions | [59] | |
ZmDof1 | S. bicolor | Transgenic expression | Increasing biomass and yield. Down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis | [60] | |
Tae-miR2275 | N. tabacum | Transgenic expression and knockdown | TaPRP, TaBDP, TaWRK, TaSPK, TaPP, TaAAT, TaNTA, TaIM | Increasing of the biomass and N accumulation in overexpressing lines. Decreased biomass and plant N amount after N starvation in knockdown mutants | [83] |
OsNRT2.3b | O. sativa | Overexpression | Increasing of N, Fe, and P uptake. Improving of the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 40% | [25] | |
OsBT | O. sativa | Mutation | Increasing of NUE by 20% under low nitrogen conditions | [57] | |
TaNFYA-B1 | T. aestivum | Overexpression | Significant increasing of both nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and grain yield under differing nitrogen and phosphorus supply levels | [73] |
5. MiRNAs and Crosstalk Between Nutrients in Cereals
6. Conclusions
miRNA Families | Rice | Maize | Bread Wheat | Durum Wheat | Validated/Putative Target Genes | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | ||||
miR156 | Squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SBP-box) | [72,79,82] | |||||||||
miR157 | * | [66] | |||||||||
miR159 | MYB33, MYB65 | [63,72] | |||||||||
miR160 | Auxin response, ARF22 | [65,68,70] | |||||||||
miR162 | DCL1 | [72] | |||||||||
miR164 | ^ | NAC, NAC7 | [65,68,70,72,79] | ||||||||
miR166 | START domain containing protein, HD-Zip TFs | [68,75] | |||||||||
miR167 | ^ | ^ | ARF8 | [65,67,68,72,79] | |||||||
miR168 | ARGONAUTE1 | [65,79] | |||||||||
miR169 | * | CCAAT-TF WHAP6, HAP2 like protein | [63,65,66,67,72,73,75] | ||||||||
miR171 | Scarecrow-like TF; Protein FAN | [72] | |||||||||
miR172 | AP2 like TFs, APETALA2, Bzip TF family protein | [63,65,72] | |||||||||
miR319 | ^ | MYB and TCP transcriptional factors | [65,67] | ||||||||
miR393 | AFB2 | [67,72] | |||||||||
miR394 | F-box domain containing protein | [72] | |||||||||
miR395 | APS1, APS4 | [65,72] | |||||||||
miR396 | GRF TFs, rhodenase-like proteins, kinesin-like protein B | [72] | |||||||||
miR397 | * | Laccase | [65,66,72] | ||||||||
miR398 | * | COX | [65,66,72] | ||||||||
miR399 | PHO2 | [65,67,68,70,72,82,95] | |||||||||
miR408 | * | PLANTACYANIN | [65,66,72,75] | ||||||||
miR415 | * | Aminoacylase; N-acyl-L-amino-acid amidohydrolase | [66] | ||||||||
miR444 | ^ | MIKC-type MADS-box TFs, Maturase K, GRAS TFs | [64,67,68,76,82] | ||||||||
miR528 | IAR1, CBP/OsDCL1, POD, SOD | [41,65,72,75,79] | |||||||||
miR529 | Squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SBP-box) | [63] | |||||||||
miR530 | Hairpin-induced protein 1 domain containing protein | [95] | |||||||||
miR820 | DRM2 (DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase) | [79] | |||||||||
miR821 | GDH1 (Glutamate dehydrogenase) | [79] | |||||||||
miR827 | * | ^ | SPX E3 ligase, CLP | [65,66,67,68] | |||||||
miR1118 | [82] | ||||||||||
miR1129 | [82] | ||||||||||
miR1133 | Calmodulin-like, SET domain, early nodulin proteins, etc. | [82] | |||||||||
miR1136 | [82] | ||||||||||
miR1214 | * | [66] | |||||||||
miR1318 | Calcium binding proteins or Calcium ATPases | [79] | |||||||||
miR2199 | * | [66] | |||||||||
miR2275 | * | PRP, BDP, WRK, SPK, PP, AAT, NTA, IM | [83] | ||||||||
miR3979 | [63] | ||||||||||
Down-regulated | |||||||||||
Up-regulated | |||||||||||
Different miRNA family members display different expression pattern | |||||||||||
Different developmental stages display different expression pattern | |||||||||||
* | Seedlings | ||||||||||
^ | Different behaivor in different crop varieties |
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zuluaga, D.L.; Sonnante, G. The Use of Nitrogen and Its Regulation in Cereals: Structural Genes, Transcription Factors, and the Role of miRNAs. Plants 2019, 8, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080294
Zuluaga DL, Sonnante G. The Use of Nitrogen and Its Regulation in Cereals: Structural Genes, Transcription Factors, and the Role of miRNAs. Plants. 2019; 8(8):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080294
Chicago/Turabian StyleZuluaga, Diana L., and Gabriella Sonnante. 2019. "The Use of Nitrogen and Its Regulation in Cereals: Structural Genes, Transcription Factors, and the Role of miRNAs" Plants 8, no. 8: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080294