Plants of Conservation Interest in a Protected Area: A Case Study of the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
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- Exclusive species of one of the administrative regions in which the Park territory falls (species also distributed outside the national borders, but in Italy present in only one administrative region [9]);
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- Very rare or rare plants according to the current level of knowledge relating to Central Italy;
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- Plants with disjointed populations (species present in the Park with a portion detached from the main distribution range);
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- Plants listed in regional laws concerning the protection of the flora (L. R. Abruzzo n. 45 of 11/09/1979, L. R. Abruzzo n. 66 of 20/06/1980; L. R. Marche n. 8 of 10.01.1987; L. R. Lazio n. 61 of 19.09.1974);
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- Plants listed in the international regulations (Habitat Directive 92/43 EEC; Convention on the Conservation of Wild Life and Natural Habitats, Bern 1979; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora CITES, Washington 1973);
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Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Codes | Criteria |
---|---|---|
A | a1 | Endemic to the PNGSL and immediately adjacent territories. |
a2 | In Italy, exclusive to PNGSL and immediately adjacent territories. | |
a3 | Endemic to the Central Apennines, provided they are rare and/or subjected to real threats. | |
a4 | In Italy, exclusive to one of the administrative regions affected by the PNGSL (Abruzzo, Lazio, and Marche), provided they are rare or subject to real threats. | |
a5 | Protected by international regulations, provided they are rare or subject to real threats. | |
a6 | Included in the IUCN Global Red List and/or in the Italian red list in the CR category. | |
a7 | Extremely rare or in the process of rarefaction according to the current level of knowledge relating to Central Italy. | |
B | b1 | Endemic to one of the administrative regions affected by the PNGSL (Abruzzo, Lazio, and Marche), provided they are not common. |
b2 | In Italy, exclusive to one of the administrative regions affected by the PNGSL (Abruzzo, Lazio, and Marche), provided they are not common. | |
b3 | Rare and of particular phytogeographic value as they are endemic to the Central Apennines or present in the Park and neighboring territories with disjointed populations, relics, or at the limit of the range. | |
b4 | Included in the IUCN Global Red List and/or in the Italian red list in the EN category. | |
b5 | Protected at the regional level in at least one of the administrative regions affected by the Park’s territory (Abruzzo—LR 45 of 11.09.1979 and 66 of 20.06.1980; Marche—LR 8 of 10.01.1987; Lazio—LR 61 of 19.09.1974), provided they are rare or subject to real threats. | |
b6 | Elsewhere they are widespread, but present in the Park in limited numbers (≤4). | |
C | c1 | Italian endemic species with a wide range. |
c2 | Included in the IUCN Global red list and/or in Italian red list in the VU category (vulnerable). | |
c3 | Protected by international regulations, provided they are common and not subjected to real threats. | |
c4 | Protected at the regional level (Abruzzo—LR 45 of 11.09.1979 and 66 of 20.06.1980; Marche—LR 8 of 10.01.1987; Lazio—LR 61 of 19.09.1974), provided they are common and not subjected to real threats (excluding very common entities). | |
D | d1 | Plants that have at least one of the requisites to be ascribed to the protection classes A, B, C, or E, but of doubtful taxonomic value or belonging to critical groups of Italian flora. |
d2 | Plants that have at least one of the requisites to be ascribed to protection classes A, B, C, or E, but whose indication in the Park’s territory is doubtful. | |
E | e1 | Extinct in the study area, whose historical presence is supported by herbarium samples. |
e2 | Extinct in the study area, whose historical presence is supported by the reliable literature data. | |
e3 | Not recently confirmed. |
Family | Italian Endemic Taxa | Taxon | Monitored (Year) | Protection Class |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ranunculaceae | E | Adonis distorta Ten. | 2012, 2013 | A |
Ranunculaceae | Adonis vernalis L. | 2012, 2014, 2021 | A | |
Amaryllidaceae | Allium permixtum Guss. | 2012, 2014, 2021, 2022 | A | |
Primulaceae | E | Androsace mathildae Levier | 2012, 2016 | A |
Asteraceae | Artemisia eriantha Ten. | 2012, 2013 | B | |
Fabaceae | E | Astragalus aquilanus Anzal. | 2013, 2014, 2020 | A |
Asteraceae | Buphthalmum salicifolium L. subsp. salicifolium | 2014 | A | |
Buxbaumiaceae | Buxbaumia viridis (Lam. and DC.) Moug. and Nestl. | 2014 | A | |
Brassicaceae | E | Cardamine apennina Lihová and Marhold | 2012 | B |
Cyperaceae | Carex canescens L. | 2021 | A | |
Cyperaceae | Carex firma Host | 2013 | A | |
Colchicaceae | Colchicum bulbocodium Ker Gawl. subsp. versicolor (Ker Gawl.) K.Perss. | 2014 | B | |
Brassicaceae | Conringia austriaca (Jacq.) Sweet | 2019 | B | |
Lycopodiaceae | Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub | 2014, 2021, 2022, 2023 | E | |
Brassicaceae | Draba dubia Suter subsp. dubia | 2014 | A | |
Elatinaceae | Elatine alsinastrum L. | 2014 | A | |
Fabaceae | E | Genista pulchella Vis. subsp. aquilana F.Conti and Manzi | 2012 | A |
Plumbaginaceae | E | Goniolimon tataricum (L.) Boiss. subsp. italicum (Tammaro, Pignatti and Frizzi) Buzurović | 2012 | A |
Lycopodiaceae | Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank and Mart. subsp. selago | 2021, 2023 | B | |
Asteraceae | Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. subsp. gotlandica (Neuman) B.Nord. | 2013, 2020 | A | |
Fabaceae | E | Lathyrus apenninus F.Conti | 2012, 2013, 2014 | B |
Fabaceae | Ononis rotundifolia L. | 2012 | A | |
Orobanchaceae | Orobanche salviae F.W.Schultz | 2013, 2018 | A | |
Fabaceae | E | Oxytropis ocrensis F.Conti and Bartolucci | 2022 | A |
Lentibulariaceae | E | Pinguicula vulgaris L. subsp. vestina F.Conti and Peruzzi | 2012 | A |
Rosaceae | Potentilla nitida L. | 2013 | A | |
Ranunculaceae | Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb. subsp. montana | 2012, 2013 | B | |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus lateriflorus DC. | 2022 | A | |
Lamiaceae | Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata | 2022 | B | |
Saxifragaceae | E | Saxifraga italica D.A.Webb | 2013 | A |
Brassicaceae | Sinapis pubescens L. subsp. pubescens | 2019 | B | |
Orchidaceae | Traunsteinera globosa (L.) Rchb. | 2012, 2022 | A | |
Ericaceae | Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp. microphyllum (Lange) Tolm. | 2012, 2013, 2023 | A |
Class A | Desirable level of knowledge | Detailed knowledge of the populations (location, extent, and number of individuals) of each location within the Park. Knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species. Detailed assessment of any real and potential risks, natural and/or of anthropogenic origin, which threaten the specific population and the genetic exchange between populations. Preparation of protocols for in situ and ex situ conservation. |
Proposed conservation measures | In situ (interventions for the elimination of or reduction in pressures, possible restocking, actions for the prevention of threats). Ex situ (conservation of germplasm; reproduction and cultivation in authorized structures). Training, information, teaching, awareness raising aimed at different target audiences (including administrations). | |
Actions for protection and management | Interventions or activities of any kind that exercise or that could have an impact, even indirect or presumed, on the species or sites in which they are present, are not authorized in any way. Interventions or activities that affect habitats potentially suitable for hosting the species must be evaluated through field surveys carried out by expert botanists in the season favorable to the observation of the species. This allows experts to exclude with absolute certainty the presence of the entities on site or the possibility that entities can colonize the site in a relatively short time, coming from populations located at a short distance. This is especially the case if these populations are themselves threatened and/or fragmented. Requests for authorization for the collection of plants or parts of plants can be evaluated only if aimed at the conservation of the species, giving priority to what is provided in the two previous columns. | |
Monitoring | Every 3 (annual species) to 5 years (population size, trend, pressures and threats) and research in the field for new localities. | |
Class B | Desirable level of knowledge | Detailed knowledge of some significant populations (location, extent and number of individuals) within the Park. Knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species. Detailed assessment of any real and potential risks, of natural and/or anthropogenic origin, which threaten the specific population and the genetic exchange between populations. Preparation of protocols for in situ and ex situ conservation. |
Proposed conservation measures | In situ (interventions for the elimination of or reduction in pressures, actions for prevention of threats). Ex situ (conservation of germplasm; reproduction and cultivation in authorized structures). Training, information, teaching, awareness raising aimed at different target audiences (including administrations). | |
Actions for protection and management | Interventions or activities of any kind that exercise or that could have an impact, even indirect or presumed, on the species or sites in which they are present, are not authorized in any way. Requests for authorization to collect plants or parts of plants can only be evaluated if they are aimed at the conservation of the species or for scientific purposes. | |
Monitoring | Every 3 (annual species) to 5 years (population size, trend, pressures and threats) and research in the field for new localities. | |
Class C | Desirable level of knowledge | Knowledge of the species distribution within the Park and possible threatening factors. Knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species. |
Proposed conservation measures | Training, information, teaching, awareness raising aimed at different target audiences (including administrations). | |
Actions for protection and management | To be determined in relation to the presence and abundance of the species in question, together with the overall assessment of the natural state of the site. | |
Monitoring | ||
Class D | Desirable level of knowledge | Studies aimed at resolving doubt about the presence of the species in the Park or its taxonomic issues for the re-attribution to the right class from A to E. |
Proposed conservation measures | ||
Actions for protection and management | ||
Monitoring | ||
Class E | Desirable level of knowledge | Evaluation of the reliability of the reports and field verification. |
Proposed conservation measures | The necessary conservation measures will be evaluated in case of re-discovery of the species and of the relative protection class to which it can be assigned. Training, information, teaching, awareness raising aimed at different target audiences (including administrations). | |
Actions for protection and management | Interventions or activities that affect the sites where the species had been indicated in the past must be carefully evaluated by means of field surveys carried out by expert botanists in the season favorable to the observation of the species in order to exclude with absolute certainty the presence of the species in the site. | |
Monitoring | Every 3 (annual species) to 5 years; field activities must be planned with the aim of verifying the localities of ancient reporting of the species. |
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Share and Cite
Conti, F.; Tinti, D.; Bartolucci, F. Plants of Conservation Interest in a Protected Area: A Case Study of the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy). Plants 2024, 13, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121675
Conti F, Tinti D, Bartolucci F. Plants of Conservation Interest in a Protected Area: A Case Study of the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy). Plants. 2024; 13(12):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121675
Chicago/Turabian StyleConti, Fabio, Daniela Tinti, and Fabrizio Bartolucci. 2024. "Plants of Conservation Interest in a Protected Area: A Case Study of the Gran Sasso and Monti Della Laga National Park (Central Italy)" Plants 13, no. 12: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121675