Antifungal Potency of Amaranth Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Polyphenol Content
2.2. Fungistatic Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Biochemical Characteristics of Extracts
4.2.1. Extract preparation
4.2.2. Extraction
4.2.3. Total Polyphenol Analysis
4.2.4. Assessment of Extract Antioxidant Activities
4.3. Fungal Cultures
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Extract | Polyphenols (mg GAE/mL) ± SD | Antioxidant Activity, Free Radical Scavenging Ability | |
---|---|---|---|
% Inhibition ± SD | mM TE/mL ± SD | ||
A. cruentus (PC) | 4.31 d ± 0.308 | 30.42 d ± 2.553 | 8.77 d ± 0.805 |
A. hypochondriacus × A. hybridus L. (PH) | 5.39 c ± 0.259 | 46.51 c ± 0.225 | 13.84 c ± 0.071 |
A. retroflexus (TR) | 5.81 b ± 0.082 | 56.59 b ± 1.137 | 17.02 b ± 0.359 |
A. hybridus (TH) | 6.75 a ± 0.162 | 69.34 a ± 1.240 | 21.04 a ± 0.391 |
Experimental Combination | Concentration (%) | Number of Days ± SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 8 | 12 | ||
Alternaria alternata | ||||
PC | 10 | 23.0 ± 0.81 ef | 51.0 ± 0.0 b | 75.7 ± 1.62 ab |
15 | 20.3 ± 0.47 f | 44.7 ± 2.05 d | 71.7 ± 1.24 bc | |
PH | 10 | 24.7 ± 0.47 de | 49.7 ± 0.47 bc | 76.7 ± 0.47 ab |
15 | 28.3 ± 0.81 bc | 60.0 ± 0.0a | 76.0 ± 0.47 ab | |
TR | 10 | 30.0 ± 0.47 b | 62.7 ± 0.47a | 79.3 ± 0.47 ab |
15 | 26.3 ± 1.24 cd | 60.7 ± 0.47 a | 80.7 ± 0.47 a | |
TH | 10 | 20.3 ± 0.47 f | 47.7 ± 1.24 cd | 67.0 ± +1.63 c |
15 | 15.3 ± 0.47 g | 39.0 ± 0.81 e | 59.0 ± 2.16 d | |
CE | 10 | 34.3 ± 1.24 a | 51.0 ± 0.81 b | 68.0 ± 2.16 c |
15 | 34.3 ± 1.24 a | 51.0 ± 0.81 b | 68.0 ± 2.16 c | |
F | 108.8507 | 132.152 | 37.9273 | |
p | 5.27 × 10−15 | 7.94 × 10−16 | 1.23 × 10−10 | |
LSD | 2.9 | 3.3 | 5.3 | |
Colletotrichum coccodes | ||||
PC | 10 | 23.0 ± 1.24 cd | 51.0 ± 0.0 bc | 76.0 ± 0.47 ab |
15 | 20.3 ± 0.00 de | 44.7 ± 0.47 d | 71.7 ± 0.81 ab | |
PH | 10 | 24.7 ± 0.81 bc | 49.7 ± 0.47cd | 76.7 ± 0.47 ab |
15 | 25.0 ± 0.00 bc | 57.7 ± 0.47 a | 80.0 ± 0.00 a | |
TR | 10 | 28.3 ± 1.24 a | 59.7 ± 0.47 a | 78.7 ± 1.88 a |
15 | 26.7 ± 1.24 ab | 55.0 ± 2.44 ab | 79.3 ± 1.69 a | |
TH | 10 | 20.7 ± 0.47 de | 45.7 ± 2.86 de | 72.7 ± 1.88 abc |
15 | 19.0 ± 0.81 e | 44.0 ± 2.44 e | 64.0 ± 7.78 c | |
CE | 10 | 26.0 ± 0.81 abc | 50.0 ± 0.00 bcd | 67.3 ± 2.05 bc |
15 | 26.0 ± 0.81 abc | 50.0 ± 0.00 bcd | 67.3 ± 2.05 bc | |
F | 29.8333 | 29.8333 | 32.84678 | 10.3675 |
p | 1.12 × 10−9 | 1.12 × 10−9 | 4.64 × 10−10 | 8.72 × 10−6 |
LSD | 0.7 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 10.0 |
Trichoderma harzianum | ||||
PC | 10 | 81.3 ± 0.47 c | * No measurements | |
15 | 77.0 ± 0.81 d | |||
PH | 10 | 56.3 ± 0.47 g | ||
15 | 56.0 ± 0.81 g | |||
TR | 10 | 86.0 ± 0.81 b | ||
15 | 72.3 ± 2.05 e | |||
TH | 10 | 69.0 ± 0.81 f | ||
15 | 51.0 ± 0.81 h | |||
CE | 10 | 90.0 ± 0.00 a | ||
15 | 90.0 ± 0.00 a | |||
F | 527.6574 | No correlations | ||
p | 9.09 × 10−22 | |||
LSD | 3.2 |
Experimental Combination | Concentration (%) | Number of Days ± SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 8 | 12 | ||
Fusarium equiseti | ||||
PC | 10 | 13.3 ± 1.24 c | 68.0 ± 2.16 a | 86.7 ± 0.47 a |
15 | 10.0 ± 0.00 cd | 28.0 ± 1.63 cde | 47.3 ± 3.68 d | |
PH | 10 | 8.7 ± 0.94 d | 19.7 ± 0.47 e | 30.0 ± 0.00 e |
15 | 12.0 ± 0.81 cd | 30.7 ± 047 c | 57.3 ± 2.05 c | |
TR | 10 | 20.3 ± 1.24 b | 43.7 ± 2.05 b | 67.7 ± 6.12 b |
15 | 10.7 ± 0.47 cd | 22.0 ± 1.63 de | 41.0 ± 0.81 d | |
TH | 10 | 28.0 ± 2.94 a | 45.0 ± 5.31 b | 85.0 ± 4.08 a |
15 | 20.0 ± 0.81 b | 44.7 ± 0.47 b | 70.7 ± 0.94 b | |
CE | 10 | 28.0 ± 0.81 a | 71.0 ± 2.94 a | 89.0 ± 1.41 a |
15 | 28.0 ± 0.81 a | 71.0 ± 2.94 a | 89.0 ± 1.41 a | |
F | 102.3873 | 140.2651 | 120.3965 | |
P | 9.56 × 10−15 | 4.43 × 10−16 | 1.97 × 10−15 | |
LSD | 4.4 | 8.7 | 9.9 | |
Fusarium oxysporum | ||||
PC | 10 | 26.7 ± 2.35 b | 60.0 ± 4.08 bc | 75.0 ± 0.00 bc |
15 | 26.0 ± 0.00 b | 59.7 ± 0.47 bcd | 67.7 ± 2.05 d | |
PH | 10 | 27.7 ± 1.69 ab | 67.0 ± 0.00 a | 75.3 ± 0.47 bc |
15 | 27.0 ± 2.16 b | 60.0 ± 0.00 bc | 68.0 ± 0.81 d | |
TR | 10 | 25.3 ± 0.47 b | 51.0 ± 0.00 d | 71.7 ± 0.47 cd |
15 | 27.3 ± 0.81 b | 53.7 ± 1.24 cd | 77.0 ± 0.81 b | |
TH | 10 | 32.2 ± 0.41 a | 61.7 ± 3.68 ab | 82.7 ± 2.05 a |
15 | 25.0 ± 0.00 b | 57.0 ± 1.63 bcd | 78.7 ± 1.24 ab | |
CE | 10 | 24.7 ± 1.24 b | 53.7 ± 1.24 cd | 70.0 ± 1.36 d |
15 | 24.7 ± 1.24 b | 53.7 ± 1.24 cd | 70.0 ± 1.36 d | |
F | 5.942576 | 12.40261 | 28.65224 | |
P | 0.000453 | 2.14 × 10−6 | 1.61 × 10−9 | |
LSD | 4.8 | 6.9 | 4.6 | |
Fusarium solani | ||||
PC | 10 | 15.0 ± 0.00 e | 52.7 ± 0.47 cd | 77.7 ± 1.24 d |
15 | 22.3 ± 1.24 cd | 55.7 ± 1.24 bc | 79.7 ± 0.47 cd | |
PH | 10 | 24.3 ± 0.47 bc | 55.0 ± 2.44 bc | 80.0 ± 0.00 cd |
15 | 25.7 ± 0.47 b | 59.3 ± 0.94 ab | 80.0 ± 0.00 cd | |
TR | 10 | 30.3 ± 0.47 a | 64.7 ± 0.47 a | 81.7 ± 0.47 bc |
15 | 29.3 ± 0.47 a | 64.7 ± 2.05 a | 83.0 ± 1.63 ab | |
TH | 10 | 24.0 ± 0.81 bc | 41.3 ± 2.44 e | 79.7 ± 0.47 cd |
15 | 21.7 ± 0.47 d | 49.0 ± 0.00 d | 75.0 ± 0.00 e | |
CE | 10 | 29.7 ± 0.47 a | 62.7 ± 1.69 a | 85.0 ± 0.00 a |
15 | 29.7 ± 0.47 a | 62.7 ± 1.69 a | 85.0 ± 0.00 a | |
F | 122.9346 | 22.87798 | 40.0 | |
P | 1.61 × 10−15 | 1.21 × 10−8 | 7.52 × 10−11 | |
LSD | 2.2 | 5.6 | 2.5 | |
Rhizoctonia solani | ||||
PC | 10 | 39.0 ± 0.81 c | *—No measurements | |
15 | 30.3 ± 1.24 c | |||
PH | 10 | 50.3 ± 0.47 b | ||
15 | 51.0 ± 0.47 b | |||
TR | 10 | 56.0 ± 3.26 b | ||
15 | 49.7 ± 6.12 b | |||
TH | 10 | 30.3 ± 0.47 c | ||
15 | 17.3 ± 2.05 d | |||
CE | 10 | 90.0 ± 0.00 a | ||
15 | 90.0 ± 0.00 a | |||
F | 158.4078 | No correlation | ||
P | 1.34 × 10−16 | |||
LSD | 9.5 |
Fungus Species | Experimental Combination | Mycelium Surface and Structure | Obverse | Reverse | Presence of Spores |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. alternata | PC10, PC15 | Aerial, regular | White and gray | Black | No aleuroconidia |
PH10, PH15 | Aerial, regular | White and gray | Black | No aleuroconidia | |
TH10, TH15 | Aerial, regular, fluffy | Gray | Black | Sparse or no aleuroconidia | |
TR10, TR15 | Poor growth, low mycelium slightly compacted, regular | Grey and black; gray | Black | Numerous deformed aleuroconidia | |
CE10, CE15 | fluffy, regular growth | Gray | Black | Sparse aleuroconidia | |
C. coccodes | PC10, PC15 | Substrate, regular | White and salmon; microsclerotia in the center | Colorless | Sparse conidia |
PH10, PH15 | Substrate, regular | White and salmon; no microsclerotia | Colorless | No conidia | |
TH10, TH15 | Aerial, regular | White and orange; sparse black microsclerotia in the center | Colorless | No conidia | |
TR10, TR15 | Aerial, regular | White and orange; sparse black microsclerotia in the center | Colorless | No conidia | |
CE10, CE15 | Substrate | Light white; sparse black microsclerotia | Colorless | Sparse conidia | |
PC10, PC15 | Substrate, restricted aerial | White; green sporulation on the edge | Colorless | Very numerous conidia | |
PH10, PH15 | Substrate, restricted aerial | White; green sporulation in the center | Colorless | Very numerous conidia | |
T. harzianum | TH10, TH15 | Substrate, restricted aerial | White; high green sporulation | Colorless | Very numerous conidia |
TR10, TR15 | Substrate, restricted aerial | White; high dark green sporulation | Colorless | Very numerous conidia | |
CE10, CE15 | Aerial, regular | White; light green sporulation | Colorless | Sparse conidia | |
PC10, PC15 | Aerial, regular | White and creamy; creamy and beige | Colorless; creamy and brown | Moderately numerous conidia | |
PH10, PH15 | Aerial, regular | White and creamy; creamy and beige | Colorless; creamy and brown | Moderately numerous conidia | |
F. equiseti | TH10, TH15 | Abundant aerial mycelium | Creamy and white | Colorless | Sparse conidia |
TR10, TR15 | Mainly substrate, restricted aerial | Creamy and white | Colorless | Sparse conidia | |
CE10, CE15 | Aerial, regular | Creamy and white | Colorless | Numerous microconidia and sparse macroconidia | |
PC10, PC15 | Regular growth | White | Colorless | Medium-sized microconidia | |
PH10, PH15 | Regular growth | White; pink and white | Colorless | Medium-sized microconidia | |
F. oxysporum | TH10, TH15 | Regular growth | White | Purple and red | Microconidia |
TR10, TR15 | Regular growth | White | Purple and red | Microconidia | |
CE10, CE15 | Regular growth | White | Colorless | Macro- and microconidia | |
F. solani | PC10, PC15 | Aerial, regular, abundant | White | Colorless | No conidia |
PH10, PH15 | Aerial, regular, abundant | White | Colorless | No conidia | |
TH10, TH15 | Aerial fine, substrate | White | Creamy | Sparse conidia | |
TR10, TR15 | Aerial fine, substrate | White | Creamy | Sparse conidia | |
CE10, CE15 | Aerial regular | White | Colorless | Very numerous conidia | |
R. solani | PC10, PC15 | Aerial, fluffy, abundant | White | Colorless | - |
PH10, PH15 | Aerial, fluffy, abundant | White and creamy | Colorless | - | |
TH10, TH15 | Aerial, fluffy, abundant | White and creamy | Colorless | - | |
TR10, TR15 | Aerial, fluffy, abundant | White and creamy | Colorless | - | |
CE10, CE15 | Aerial, fluffy, abundant | Creamy and brown | Creamy | - |
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Jamiołkowska, A.; Skwaryło-Bednarz, B.; Kowalski, R.; Yildirim, I.; Patkowska, E. Antifungal Potency of Amaranth Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study. Plants 2023, 12, 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081723
Jamiołkowska A, Skwaryło-Bednarz B, Kowalski R, Yildirim I, Patkowska E. Antifungal Potency of Amaranth Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study. Plants. 2023; 12(8):1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081723
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamiołkowska, Agnieszka, Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz, Radosław Kowalski, Ismet Yildirim, and Elżbieta Patkowska. 2023. "Antifungal Potency of Amaranth Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study" Plants 12, no. 8: 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081723