Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Garden Herbal Plants Using Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (HPLC-FL)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. PAH Standards
3.3. PAH Extraction from Plant Material
3.4. PAH Determination by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAH | Content (ng/g FW) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lavender | Mint | Parsley | |||||||
Site | |||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
FLA | 33.30 f ± 0.01 | 76.11 e ± 0.75 | 2.67 g ± 0.02 | 442.75 b ± 5.74 | 6.31 g± 0.01 | nd | 92.56 d ± 1.76 | 2295.43 a ± 4.26 | 144.33 c ± 2.39 |
FL | 433.49 f,g ± 0.43 | 1998.48 e ± 6.96 | 7999.72 c ± 10.28 | 6340 ± 44 d ± 4.10 | 682.36 f ± 1.61 | 352.15 g ± 1.77 | 1749.19 e ± 8.37 | 28,129.41 a ± 12.01 | 10,032.30 b ± 16.46 |
ACE | nd | 9286.69 e ± 8.38 | nd | 67,692.36 a ± 4.92 | 25,296.59 d ± 4.76 | nd | 27,695.09 c ± 67.79 | nd | 58,662.85 b ± 49.06 |
PYR | nd | 590.91 d ± 7.39 | nd | 4209.67 b ± 3.67 | 241.19 e ± 3.19 | nd | 7780.78 a ± 17.05 | nd | 2048.47 c ± 8.52 |
BaA | nd | 8.74 d ± 0.09 | nd | 11.77 d ± 0.24 | 1336.48 a ± 2.38 | nd | 170.75 b ± 3.85 | 111.52 c ± 1.69 | nd |
BaP | 0.91 f,g ± 0.01 | 4.65 c,d ± 1.35 | 6.03 c± 0.07 | 2.75 e ± 0.04 | 14.33 b ± 0.27 | 1.98 e,f ± 0.01 | 3.25 d,e ± 0.08 | nd | 46.53 a ± 0.72 |
ANT | nd | 70,782.40 b ± 9.70 | 7736.28 f ± 24.50 | 207,022.05 a ± 69.48 | 51,861.66 c ± 48.77 | 8779.67 e ± 7.95 | 9408.95 d ± 4.56 | nd | nd |
BbF | 0.11 g± 0.01 | 1.74 e ± 0.01 | 0.27 f ± 0.01 | 6.78 b ± 0.08 | 2.96 d ± 0.05 | nd | 36.24 a ± 0.91 | 1.65 e ± 0.04 | 3.32 c± 0.03 |
PHE | 10,825.64 a ± 2.86 | nd | nd | 2045.64 c ± 8.43 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 10,126.56 b ± 9.25 |
NP | 13,241.99 e ± 5.51 | 14,785.33 c ± 3.73 | 1488.27 f ± 5.72 | 61,195.55 a ± 14.32 | 14,093.97 d ± 68.17 | nd | 15,497.61 b ± 7.64 | nd | 434.72 g ± 3.26 |
ACY | nd | nd | nd | 3378.14 c ± 7.45 | 1761.73 d ± 7.74 | nd | 18,802.75 a ± 17.58 | nd | 11,145.45 b ± 8.25 |
Σ 11 PAHs | 24,501.4 g | 97,535.0 c | 17,233.2 h | 902,347.9 a | 95,297.6 d | 9133.8 i | 220,719.2 b | 30,538.0 f | 92,644.5 e |
Time (min) | % Acetonitrile | % Water |
---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 50 |
2 | 50 | 50 |
50 | 100 | 0 |
60 | 100 | 0 |
65 | 50 | 50 |
PAHs | Retention Time (min) | Coefficients of Linearity (r2) | Linearity (µg/g) | LOD (ng/g) | LOQ (ng/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | 12.90 | 0.9979 | 0–100 | 0.22 | 0.75 |
ACY | 14.40 | 0.9981 | 0–20 | 0.26 | 0.88 |
ACE | 16.73 | 0.9984 | 0–100 | 0.19 | 0.63 |
FL | 17.04 | 0.9982 | 0–30 | 0.21 | 0.82 |
PHE | 18.70 | 0.9999 | 0–20 | 0.19 | 0.65 |
ANT | 20.10 | 0.9977 | 0–200 | 0.09 | 0.32 |
FLA | 22.26 | 0.9985 | 0–10 | 0.18 | 0.62 |
PYR | 23.15 | 0.9988 | 0–10 | 0.19 | 0.63 |
BaA | 27.27 | 0.9998 | 0–5 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
BbF | 32.48 | 0.9998 | 0–0.1 | 0.03 | 0.10 |
BaP | 34.68 | 0.9999 | 0–0.1 | 0.20 | 0.67 |
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Woźniak, M.; Hoppe, K.; Drzewiecka, K. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Garden Herbal Plants Using Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (HPLC-FL). Plants 2023, 12, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030551
Woźniak M, Hoppe K, Drzewiecka K. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Garden Herbal Plants Using Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (HPLC-FL). Plants. 2023; 12(3):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030551
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoźniak, Magdalena, Karolina Hoppe, and Kinga Drzewiecka. 2023. "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Garden Herbal Plants Using Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (HPLC-FL)" Plants 12, no. 3: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030551