Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Eight Tunisian Eucalyptus Species and Their Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Yields and Chemical Composition
2.2. Antifungal Activity
2.3. Herbicidal Effects of the EOs on Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds and Cultivated Crops
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Essential Oils Extraction
4.3. Analysis of the EOs
4.4. Antifungal Activity
4.5. Effect of Eucalyptus EOs of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | RT (min) | Class | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-pinene | 6.930 | MH | 6.69 | 5.6 | 3.04 | 2.5 | 9.19 | 0.8 | 14.49 | 9.48 | MS, LRI, IN |
Camphene | 7.214 | MH | - | 0.94 | 0.63 | 1.1 | - | - | 0.21 | - | MS, LRI |
β-pinene | 7.884 | MH | 8.85 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
α-phellandrene | 8.552 | MH | - | - | 0.56 | 0.61 | - | - | 1.5 | 0.46 | MS, LRI, IN |
p-cymene | 8.713 | MH | - | 44.79 | 15.27 | - | 20.88 | 1.9 | - | MS, LRI, IN | |
Eucalyptol | 9.193 | OM | 44.68 | 60.5 | 6.36 | 20.36 | 66.67 | 3.22 | 26.3 | 55.93 | MS, LRI, IN |
γ-terpinene | 9.862 | MH | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | 4.65 | 0.58 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
cis-linalool oxide | 10.190 | OM | - | - | 0.35 | 0.82 | - | 0.56 | 0.22 | - | MS, LRI |
Verbenol | 10.580 | OM | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.57 | - | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.23 | MS, LRI |
Isopentyl valerate | 10.792 | NT | 0.34 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 2.18 | 0.87 | MS, LRI |
Fenchol | 10.987 | OM | 0.35 | 2.97 | 1.91 | 3.72 | 0.4 | 0.89 | 0.6 | 0.2 | MS, LRI |
α-campholenal | 11.230 | OM | 1.26 | 0.23 | - | 0.45 | - | - | 0.59 | - | MS, LRI |
trans-pinocarveol | 11.878 | OM | 6.63 | 7.71 | 7.39 | 4.35 | 8.91 | 0.47 | 4.42 | 17.54 | MS, LRI |
Verbenol | 12.284 | OM | 1.57 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | 0.7 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
Pinocarvone | 12.381 | OM | 0.2 | 6.72 | 3.42 | 1.64 | 1.88 | - | 2.51 | - | MS, LRI |
Isoborneol | 12.478 | OM | 3.34 | 6.23 | 4.81 | 10.54 | 0.59 | 0.68 | 1.33 | 5.53 | MS, LRI |
Terpinen-4-ol | 12.700 | OM | 1.1 | 0.34 | 1.08 | 0.65 | 0.97 | 4.03 | 0.97 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
α-terpineol | 12.915 | OM | 8.6 | 3.41 | 6.46 | 7.44 | 1.68 | 17.72 | 3.85 | 1.02 | MS, LRI, IN |
Myrtenol | 13.159 | OM | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.24 | - | - | 0.35 | 0.43 | MS, LRI, IN |
trans-pulegol | 13.277 | OM | - | - | 0.24 | - | - | 1.21 | 0.48 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
Verbenone | 13.393 | OM | 1.56 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | MS, LRI |
cis-carveol | 13.624 | OM | 0.78 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.42 | - | 0.67 | 0.29 | - | MS, LRI |
Verbenol | 13.823 | OM | 0.73 | 0.88 | 2.51 | 1.14 | 0.33 | 3.13 | 0.39 | 0.67 | MS, LRI |
Cumaldehyde | 14.053 | OM | 2.06 | 0.26 | 0.31 | - | 0.2 | 1.12 | 0.35 | 0.32 | MS, LRI |
Piperetone | 14.398 | OM | 0.29 | - | 0.29 | - | - | 0.7 | 1.61 | - | MS, LRI |
Phellandral | 15.176 | OM | 0.32 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | MS, LRI |
p-cymen-7-ol | 15.248 | OM | 0.48 | - | - | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | MS, LRI |
Thymol | 15.316 | PP | - | - | 1.21 | - | - | 2.8 | - | - | MS, LRI, IN |
Carvacrol | 15.419 | PP | 0.37 | - | - | 0.4 | - | 1.07 | 1.02 | - | MS, LRI, IN |
α-terpinyl acetate | 16.882 | OM | - | - | - | 0.34 | - | 27.44 | 0.33 | - | MS, LRI |
Linalyl isobutyrate | 16.950 | OM | - | - | - | 0.88 | - | - | 0.21 | - | MS, LRI |
Aromandendrene | 18.281 | SH | - | - | 0.38 | 7.2 | - | - | 2.37 | - | MS, LRI |
Isoamyl phenylacetate | 19.098 | PP | 0.22 | 0.33 | - | 0.21 | - | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.4 | MS, LRI |
Spathulenol | 20.188 | OS | 1.35 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 1.69 | 0.36 | - | 0.88 | MS, LRI, IN |
Caryophyllene oxide | 20.925 | OS | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.01 | - | MS, LRI |
Viridiflorol | 21.113 | OS | 3.44 | - | 2.04 | 2.63 | 1.45 | 0.32 | 8.13 | 0.53 | MS, LRI |
Ledol | 21.225 | OS | 0.77 | - | 2.39 | 3.83 | 0.81 | - | 4.31 | 0.36 | MS, LRI |
Guaiol | 21.687 | OS | - | - | - | 3.13 | - | - | 2.46 | 0.22 | MS, LRI |
β-eudesmol | 21.758 | OS | - | - | 1.05 | 0.28 | 0.78 | - | 2.04 | 1.92 | MS, LRI |
α-eudesmol | 22.278 | OS | - | - | 0.69 | 0.29 | 0.63 | 0.23 | 5.58 | - | MS, LRI |
Eicosane | 31.482 | NT | - | - | 0.27 | - | 0.47 | 1.47 | - | 0.21 | MS, LRI |
Total identification | 97.21 | 98.62 | 97.07 | 96.01 | 96.97 | 96.31 | 96.55 | 97.2 | |||
* Yield (w/w %) | 0.2 b | 0.56 c | 0.81 e | 0.64 d | 1 f | 0.59 c,d | 0.12 a | 1.32 g | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | (MH)% | 15.54 | 6.54 | 49.22 | 19.48 | 9.19 | 26.33 | 19.27 | 9.94 | ||
Oxygentated monoterpenes | (OS)% | 75.18 | 90.23 | 36.49 | 54.04 | 81.63 | 62.31 | 46.07 | 81.87 | ||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | (SH)% | - | - | 0.38 | 7.2 | - | - | 2.37 | - | ||
Oxygentated sesquiterpenes | (OS)% | 5.56 | 0.3 | 9.27 | 14.26 | 5.36 | 0.91 | 24.53 | 3.91 | ||
Phenylpropanoids | (PP)% | 0.59 | 0.33 | 1.21 | 0.61 | 0 | 5.01 | 2.13 | 0.4 | ||
Non-terpene derivatives | (NT)% | 0.34 | 1.22 | 0.5 | 0.42 | 0.79 | 1.75 | 2.18 | 1.08 |
Eucalyptus Species | Doses (μL/mL) | F. oxysporum Solani | F. culmorum | F. oxysporum f. sp. matthioli | F. redolens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. cladocalyx | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 78.84 ± 0.64 B,b | 58.88 ± 0.64 B,c | 85.55 ± 0.32 B,b | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
2 | 90 ± 0 C,c | 100 ± 0 C,a | 94.44 ± 0 C,b | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
3 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
4 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 C,a | 100 ± 0 D,a | 100 ± 0 B,a | |
E. microcorys | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 74.44 ± 0 B,a | 44.44 ± 0 B,c | 76.66 ± 0.32 B,a | 67.18 ± 0.25 B,b | |
2 | 92.22 ± 0.64 C,a | 63.32 ± 0.32 C,c | 81.10 ± 0.32 C,b | 81.53 ± 0 C,b | |
3 | 93.33 ± 0.02 D,a | 74.44 ± 0.64 E,c | 94.44 ± 0 D,a | 84.61 ± 0.01 D,b | |
4 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 88.88 ± 0 F,c | 96.66 ± 0 E,b | 90.25 ± 0.51 E,d | |
5 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 94.44 ± 0 G,b | 97.77 ± 0 F,b | 95.38 ± 0 F,b | |
6 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
E. resinifera | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 70 ± 1.92 B,d | 44.44 ± 0.64 B,c | 59.99 ± 0.32 B,f | 65.38 ± 0.44 B,f | |
2 | 84.44 ± 0.25 C,a | 68.88 ± 0.32 C,c | 83.33 ± 0 C,a | 78.72 ± 0.25 C,b | |
3 | 87.77 ± 0.64 D,b | 88.88 ± 0.67 D,b | 97.77 ± 0.57 D,a | 86.15 ± 0 D,b | |
4 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 91.11 ± 0 E,b | 100 ± 0 E,a | 89.23 ± 0.01 E,e | |
5 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
E. saligna | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 64.44 ± 0 B,d | 59.66 ± 0.11 B,a | 64.44 ± 0 B,d | 75.38 ± 0.04 B,c | |
2 | 71.11 ± 0 C,b | 72.22 ± 0.28 C,b | 81.55 ± 0.19 C,a | 78.46 ± 0.02 C,b | |
3 | 92.22 ± 0.75 D,e | 77.77 ± 0.51 D,c | 83.33 ± 0.32 D,f | 90.76 ± 0 D,b | |
4 | 97.77 ± 0 E,b | 81.11 ± 0 E,e | 96.66 ± 0.19 E,b | 92.3 ± 0 E,b | |
5 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
E. angulosa | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 66.66 ± 0.57 B,d,e | 44.44 ± 0.25 B,c | 58.88 ± 0.32 B,g | 66.15 ± 0.0 B,f | |
2 | 79.99 ± 0.64 C,e | 61.11 ± 0 C,a | 80 ± 0.57 C,e | 76.92 ± 0 C,d | |
3 | 83.33 ± 0 D,b | 73.33 ± 0 D,c | 87.77 ± 0 D,a | 83.07 ± 0.04 D,b | |
4 | 91.11 ± 0.64 E,a | 83.33 ± 1.15 E,b | 90 ± 1.15 E,a | 86.61 ± 0 E,b | |
5 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 94.44 ± 0.06 F,c | 91.79 ± 0.51 F,c | |
6 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 95.55 ± 0 F,b | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 97.77 ± 0 G,b | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 98.88 ± 0 G,b | 100 ± 0 G,a | |
E. diversicolor | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 66.66 ± 0.64 B,d,e | 44.44 ± 0.64 B,c | 64.44 ± 0.02 B,d | 63.84 ± 0.44 B,g | |
2 | 71.11 ± 0.64 C,f | 56.66 ± 0.64 C,g | 75.55 ± 0.02 C,f | 75.38 ± 0.01 C,e | |
3 | 74.44 ± 0 D,h | 72.22 ± 0 D,e | 81.11 ± 0.32 D,g | 84.61 ± 0 D,e | |
4 | 79.25 ± 0.98 E,d | 77.77 ± 0.44 E,a | 87.77 ± 0.57 E,e | 88.46 ± 0.02 E,f | |
5 | 95.55 ± 0 F,b | 81.11 ± 0 F,d | 90 ± 0 F,c | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 G,a | 83.33 ± 0 G,c | 96.66 ± 0 G,b | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 G,a | 91.11 ± 0.64 H,c | 100 ± 0 H,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 I,a | 100 ± 0 H,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
E. ovata | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 92.22 ± 0.64 B,a | 47.7 ± 0 B,d | 68.88 ± 0.32 B,c | 76.40 ± 0.51 B,b | |
2 | 95.55 ± 0 C,a | 58.88 ± 0 C,d | 80 ± 0 C,c | 82.04 ± 0.25 C,b | |
3 | 97.77 ± 0 D,a | 72.22 ± 0.32 D,c | 88.88 ± 0 D,b | 89.23 ± 0 D,b | |
4 | 98.88 ± 0 E,ab | 83.33 ± 0 E,c | 96.33 ± 0.11 E,b | 92.3 ± 1.73 E,b | |
5 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 88.88 ± 0 F,c | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 91.11 ± 0 G,b | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 94.44 ± 0 H,b | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 I,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
E. sargentii | 0 | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a | 0 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 66.66 ± 0.64 B,d,e | 44.44 ± 0 B,c | 61.11 ± 0.32 B,e | 70.76 ± 0.01 B,d | |
2 | 88.88 ± 0.57 C,c | 63.33 ± 1.15 C,d | 78.88 ± 0.32 C,e | 72.3 ± 0.44 C,f | |
3 | 94.44 ± 0 D,c | 74.44 ± 0.32 D,d | 87.77 ± 0.32 D,e | 75.12 ± 0.25 D,g | |
4 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 88.88 ± 0 E,d | 94.44 ± 0 E,b | 91.53 ± 0.01 E,c | |
5 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 94.44 ± 0.57 F,b | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
6 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
7 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | |
8 | 100 ± 0 E,a | 100 ± 0 G,a | 100 ± 0 F,a | 100 ± 0 F,a |
F. oxysporum Solani | F. culmorum | F. oxysporum f. matthioli | F. redolens | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eucalyptus species | MIC (μL/mL) | MFC (μL/mL) | MIC (μL/mL) | MFC (μL/mL) | MIC (μL/mL) | MFC (μL/mL) | MIC (μL/mL) | MFC (μL/mL) |
E. cladocalyx | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
E. microcorys | 4 | >8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | >8 | 6 | 7 |
E. resinifera | 4 | >8 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 8 |
E. saligna | 5 | >8 | 5 | 7 | 5 | >8 | 5 | 8 |
E. angulosa | 5 | >8 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
E. diversicolor | 6 | >8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | >8 | 5 | >8 |
E. ovata | 5 | >8 | 8 | >8 | 5 | >8 | 5 | >8 |
E. sargentii | 4 | >8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 |
Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fosetyl-Al Doses (mg/mL) | 0 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | MIC (mg/mL) | MFC (mg/mL) |
Fungal strains | |||||||||
F. oxysporumsolani | 0 ± 0 A | 56.64 ± 1.37 B | 90.02 ± 0.86 C | 100 ± 0 D | 100 ± 0 D | 100 ± 0 D | 100 ± 0 D | 1 | >3 |
F. culmorum | 0 ± 0 A | 42.05 ± 0.64 B | 82.24 ± 0.43 C | 94.86 ± 0.48 D | 100 ± 0 E | 100 ± 0 E | 100 ± 0 E | 1.5 | 3 |
F. oxysporumf. sp. matthioli | 0 ± 0 A | 37.78 ± 1.11 B | 55.91 ± 0.68 C | 91.59 ± 0.75 D | 100 ± 0 E | 100 ± 0 E | 100 ± 0 E | 1.5 | >3 |
F. redolens | 0 ± 0 A | 39.02 ± 1.40 B | 53.66 ± 0 C | 95.12 ± 0 D | 96.26 ± 0.08 D,E | 97.56 ± 0 E | 100 ± 0 F | 3 | >3 |
Tested Plants | Doses (μL/mL) | E. cladocalyx | E. microcorys | E. resinifera | E. saligna | E. angulosa | E. diversicolor | E. ovata | E. sargentii | Glyphosate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trifolium campestre Schreb. | 0 | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 66.7 ± 3.3 B,b | 83.3 ± 3.3 B,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 B,a | 70 ± 0 B,b | 90 ± 0 B,a | 86.7 ± 3.3 B,a | 90 ± 0 B,a | 90 ± 0 B,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 B,a | |
2 | 33.3 ± 3.3 C,d | 56.7 ± 3.3 C,c | 70 ± 0 C,b | 33.3 ± 3.3 C,d | 80 ± 0 C,a,b | 76.7 ± 3.3 C,a,b | 80 ± 0 C,a,b | 83.3 ± 3.3 C,a | 73.3 ± 3.3 C,a,b | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,f | 10 ± 0 D,e | 50 ± 0 D,c | 16.7 ± 3.3 D,d | 60 ± 0 D,b | 70 ± 0 C,a | 70 ± 0 D,a | 70 ± 0 D,a | 70 ± 0 C,a | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 53.3 ± 3.3 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,c | 60 ± 0 E,a | 56.7 ± 3.3 D,a,b | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 26.7 ± 3.3 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,d | 43.3 ± 3.3 F,b | 50 ± 0 D,a | |
Lolium rigidum Gaudich. | 0 | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a | 76.7 ± 3.3 A,a |
1 | 63.3 ± 3.3 B,a | 63.3 ± 3.3 B,a | 36.7 ± 3.3 B,c | 50 ± 0 B,b | 53.3 ± 3.3 B,a,b | 56.7 ± 3.3 B,a,b | 50 ± 0 B,b | 60 ± 0 B,a,b | 0 ± 0 B,d | |
2 | 53.3 ± 3.3 C,a | 36.7 ± 3.3 C,c,d | 30 ± 0 B,C,d | 0 ± 0 C,f | 16.7 ± 3.3 C,e | 40 ± 0 Cb,c | 30 ± 0 C,d | 40 ± 0 C,b,c | 0 ± 0 B,f | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 23.3 ± 3.3 C,D,c | 0 ± 0 C,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 30 ± 0 D,b | 10 ± 0 D,d | 36.7 ± 3.3 C,a | 0 ± 0 B,e | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 16.7 ± 3.3 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 30 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 B,c | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 C,a | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 B,a | |
Sinapis arvensis L. | 0 | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,f | 0 ± 0 B,f | 33.3 ± 3.3 B,d | 30 ± 0 B,d | 50 ± 0 B,b | 40 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 B,f | 63.3 ± 3.3 B,d | 50 ± 0 B,b | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,e | 0 ± 0 B,e | 16.7 ± 3.3 C,c,d | 0 ± 0 C,e | 10 ± 0 C,d | 20 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 B,e | 0 ± 0 C,e | 50 ± 0 B,a | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 30 ± 0 C,a | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 30 ± 0 C,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,a | 0 ± 0 B,a | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 C,a | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 B,a | 0 ± 0 C,a | 20 ± 0 D,a | |
Lepidium sativum L. | 0 | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a | 100 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 30 ± 0 B,e | 90 ± 0 B,a,b | 90 ± 0 B,a,b | 70 ± 0 A,d | 93.3 ± 3.3 B,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 B,b,c | 93.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 80 ± 0 B,c | 90 ± 0 B,a,b | |
2 | 16.7 ± 3.3 C,f | 86.7 ± 3.3 B,a | 80 ± 0 C,a,b | 30 ± 0 A,e | 80 ± 0 C,a,b | 70 ± 0 C,d | 73.3 ± 3.3 B,b,c | 60 ± 0 C,d | 76.7 ± 3.3 C,b,c | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,f | 66.7 ± 3.3 C,a,b | 73.3 ± 3.3 D,a | 10 ± 0 A,e | 73.3 ± 3.3 D,a | 26.7 ± 3.3 D,d | 60 ± 0 C,b | 50 ± 0 D,c | 60 ± 0 D,b | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 46.7 ± 3.3 D,b | 60 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 A,d | 20 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,d | 16.7 ± 3.3 D,c | 46.7 ± 3.3 D,b | 53.3 ± 3.3 D,b | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,c | 33.3 ± 3.3 E,b | 0 ± 0 F,c | 0 ± 0 A,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 30 ± 0 E,b | 43.3 ± 3.3 E,a | |
Raphanus sativus L. | 0 | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a | 83.3 ± 3.3 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,f | 30 ± 0 B,d | 36.7 ± 3.3 B,c,d | 30 ± 0 B,d | 26.7 ± 3.3 B,d | 50 ± 0 B,b | 20 ± 0 B,e | 40 ± 0 B,c | 60 ± 0 B,a | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,f | 23.3 ± 3.3 C,c,d | 30 ± 0 B,b,c | 20 ± 0 C,d | 20 ± 0 C,d | 33.3 ± 3.3 C,b | 10 ± 0 C,e | 33.3 ± 3.3 B,b | 60 ± 0 B,a | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 16.7 ± 3.3 C,c | 0 ± 0 D,e | 10 ± 0 D,d | 20 ± 0 D,b,c | 0 ± 0 D,e | 23.3 ± 3.3 C,b | 60 ± 0 B,a | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 10 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 20 ± 0 C,b | 60 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 13.3 ± 3.3 C,b | 50 ± 0 C,a | |
Triticum durum Desf. | 0 | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a | 90 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 60 ± 0 B,c | 76.7 ± 3.3 B,b | 60 ± 0 B,c | 33.3 ± 3.3 B,d | 80 ± 0 B,a,b | 30 ± 0 A,d | 20 ± 0 B,e | 60 ± 0 B,c | 60 ± 0 B,c | |
2 | 53.3 ± 3.3 C,c | 50 ± 0 C,c | 40 ± 0 C,d | 0 ± 0 C,f | 70 ± 0 C,b | 10 ± 0 A,e | 10 ± 0 C,e | 50 ± 0 C,c | 53.3 ± 3.3 C,c | |
3 | 50 ± 0 C,b | 40 ± 0 D,c | 30 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 C,e | 56.7 ± 3.3 D,a | 0 ± 0 A,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 33.3 ± 3.3 D,d | 50 ± 0 C,b | |
4 | 43.3 ± 3.3 D,a | 33.3 ± 3.3 E,b | 10 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 C,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 A,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 23.3 ± 3.3 E,c | 43.3 ± 3.3 D,a | |
5 | 40 ± 0 D,a | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 A,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 40 ± 0 D,a |
Tested Plants | Doses (μL/mL) | E. cladocalyx | E. microcorys | E. resinifera | E. saligna | E. angulosa | E. diversicolor | E. ovata | E. sargentii | Glyphosate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trifolium campestre Schreb. | 0 | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a | 5.17 ± 0.04 A,a |
1 | 1.37 ± 0.02 B,f | 1.45 ± 0.01 B,f | 3.73 ± 0.04 B,b | 2.25 ± 0.08 B,d | 2.86 ± 0.02 B,c | 4.72 ± 0.09 B,a | 2.87 ± 0.07 B,c | 3.61 ± 0.03 B,b | 0.64 ± 0.01 B,g | |
2 | 0.83 ± 0.02 C,g | 0.25 ± 0.06 C,j | 2.86 ± 0.04 C,b | 0.42 ± 0.02 C,i | 1.50 ± 0.02 C,f | 3.26 ± 0.05 C,a | 1.93 ± 0 C,d | 2.09 ± 0.02 C,c | 0.59 ± 0.04 B,h | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,h | 0.17 ± 0.03 C,g | 0.70 ± 0.03 D,e | 0.2 ± 0 D,g | 1.02 ± 0 D,d | 2.31 ± 0.03 D,a | 0.64 ± 0.01 D,e,f | 1.51 ± 0.05 D,c | 0.6 ± 0.01 B,f | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 1.58 ± 0.03 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0.89 ± 0.04 E,c | 0.47 ± 0.01 C,d | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.26 ± 0.02 F,c | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.29 ± 0.01 F,c | 0.41 ± 0.01 C,b | |
Lolium rigidum Gaudich. | 0 | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.66 ± 0.05 A,a |
1 | 2.87 ± 0.09 B,c | 2.48 ± 0.10 B,d | 1.86 ± 0.02 B,e | 1.67 ± 0.05 B,e | 2.63 ± 0.05 B,d | 3.98 ± 0.09 B,a | 3.38 ± 0.02 B,b | 4.16 ± 0.06 B,a | 0 ± 0 B,f | |
2 | 1.07 ± 0.04 C,d,e | 2.32 ± 0.06 B,a | 0.71 ± 0.02 C,f | 0 ± 0 C,g | 0.87 ± 0.04 C,e,f | 1.17 ± 0.01 C,d | 1.96 ± 0.03 C,b | 1.43 ± 0.08 C,c | 0 ± 0 B,g | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0.51 ± 0.02 D,c | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0.66 ± 0.02 D,b | 0.53 ± 0.03 D,c | 0.55 ± 0.06 D,c | 0 ± 0 B,d | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0.23 ± 0.03 E,c | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.3 ± 0.05 E,b | 0 ± 0 B,d | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | |
Sinapis arvensis L. | 0 | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a | 3.74 ± 0.08 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,g | 0 ± 0 B,g | 2.66 ± 0.08 B,b | 1.70 ± 0.05 B,c | 3.48 ± 0.20 A,a | 1.25 ± 0.03 B,d | 0 ± 0 B,g | 1.74 ± 0.06 B,c | 0.5 ± 0 B,f | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 B,d | 1.06 ± 0.07 C,b | 0 ± 0 C,d | 1.73 ± 0.14 B,a | 0.65 ± 0.05 C,c | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0.5 ± 0 B,c | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0.48 ± 0.06 D,a | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,a | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,a | |
Lepidium sativum L. | 0 | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a | 6.52 ± 0.05 A,a |
1 | 2.30 ± 0.12 B,f | 2.98 ± 0.06 B,e | 4.24 ± 0.03 B,c | 1.07 ± 0.02 B,h | 4.44 ± 0.06 B,b | 3.40 ± 0.07 B,d | 5.58 ± 0.10 B,a | 2.07 ± 0.02 B,g | 0.72 ± 0.02 B,i | |
2 | 0.63 ± 0.04 C,f | 0.79 ± 0.01 C,f | 3.60 ± 0.06 C,b | 0.34 ± 0.01 C,g | 3.64 ± 0.03 C,b | 2.74 ± 0.06 C,d | 2.89 ± 0.05 C,c | 1.61 ± 0.03 C,e | 0.66 ± 0.02 B,f | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,i | 0.34 ± 0.01 D,g | 2.70 ± 0.12 D,c | 0.20 ± 0.00 D,h | 3.18 ± 0.01 D,a | 0.54 ± 0.04 D,f | 1.75 ± 0.07 D,d | 1.41 ± 0.02 D,e | 0.58 ± 0.01 C,f | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0.22 ± 0.01 E,e | 1.43 ± 0.07 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0.85 ± 0.03 E,c | 0.96 ± 0.02 E,b | 0.42 ± 0.01 D,d | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0.12 ± 0.01 F,d | 0 ± 0 F,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 E,e | 0 ± 0 F,e | 0.75 ± 0.02 F,b | 0.35 ± 0.04 D,c | |
Raphanus sativus L. | 0 | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a | 8.67 ± 0.11 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,i | 4.43 ± 0.04 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,i | 1.07 ± 0.03 B,g | 5.50 ± 0 B,a | 1.43 ± 0.04 B,f | 3.58 ± 0.08 B,d | 1.89 ± 0.05 B,e | 0.5 ± 0 B,h | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,g | 2.75 ± 0.06 C,a | 0 ± 0 B,g | 0.20 ± 0.00 C,f | 2.60 ± 0.08 C,b | 1.12 ± 0.04 C,c | 0.50 ± 0 C,e | 0.73 ± 0.03 C,d | 0.5 ± 0 B,e | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 1.03 ± 0.03 D,a | 0.47 ± 0.04 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0.52 ± 0.02 D,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,b | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0.28 ± 0.02 E,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0.13 ± 0.02 E,b | 0.5 ± 0 B,a | |
Triticum durum Desf. | 0 | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a | 15.42 ± 0.04 A,a |
1 | 0.50 ± 0 B,g | 9.80 ± 0.15 B,b | 10.89 ± 0.08 B,a | 7.83 ± 0.60 B,c | 6.71 ± 0.17 B,d | 3.29 ± 0.01 B,f | 5.63 ± 0.07 B,e | 11.37 ± 0.16 B,a | 0.35 ± 0 B,g | |
2 | 0 ± 0 C,h | 5.63 ± 0.12 C,c | 7.07 ± 0.02 C,a | 4.83 ± 0.17 Cd,e | 4.70 ± 0.10 C,e | 1.00 ± 0 C,g | 2.90 ± 0.06 C,f | 5.01 ± 0.04 C,d | 0.20 ± 0 C,h | |
3 | 0 ± 0 C,g | 2.98 ± 0.05 D,c | 5.58 ± 0.06 D,a | 2 ± 0 D,e | 2.30 ± 0.08 D,d | 0 ± 0 D,g | 0 ± 0 D,g | 3.86 ± 0.05 D,b | 0.20 ± 0 C,f | |
4 | 0 ± 0 C,f | 1.87 ± 0.02 E,b | 2.00 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0.88 ± 0.01 E,d | 0.20 ± 0 C,e | |
5 | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0.20 ± 0 C,a |
Tested Plants | Doses (μL/mL) | Eucalyptus cladocalyx | Eucalyptus microcorys | Eucalyptus resinifera | Eucalyptus saligna | Eucalyptus angulosa | Eucalyptus diversicolor | Eucalyptus ovata | Eucalyptus sargentii | Glyphosate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trifolium campestre Schreb. | 0 | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a | 1.97 ± 0.01 A,a |
1 | 1.01 ± 0.01 B,c | 0.54 ± 0.02 B,g | 1.37 ± 0.01 B,a | 0.70 ± 0.01 B,f | 1.02 ± 0.01 B,c | 0.88 ± 0.02 B,d | 0.82 ± 0.01 B,e | 0.78 ± 0.02 B,e | 0.23 ± 0.01 B,h | |
2 | 0.72 ± 0.03 C,b | 0.22 ± 0 C,f | 1.06 ± 0.03 C,a | 0.50 ± 0 C,e | 0.65 ± 0.02 C,c | 0.60 ± 0.02 C,c,d | 0.54 ± 0.01 C,d,e | 0.55 ± 0.01 C,d,e | 0.18 ± 0.01 C,f | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0.10 ± 0 D,e | 0.45 ± 0.01 D,b | 0.32 ± 0.02 D,c | 0.37 ± 0.00 D,c | 0.49 ± 0 D,b | 0.31 ± 0.01 D,c | 0.47 ± 0.01 D,b | 0.18 ± 0.01 C,d | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.34 ± 0.02 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.35 ± 0.01 E,b | 0.15 ± 0.01 C,c | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,b,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0.19 ± 0.03 F,b | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0.16 ± 0.02 F,c | 0.15 ± 0.01 C,b | |
Lolium rigidum Gaudich. | 0 | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a | 4.04 ± 0 A,a |
1 | 2.60 ± 0.09 B,c | 2.21 ± 0.03 B,d | 1.65 ± 0.02 B,e | 1.39 ± 0.08 B,f | 2.47 ± 0.02 B,c,d | 3.54 ± 0.12 B,a | 3.14 ± 0.02 B,b | 3.28 ± 0.10 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,g | |
2 | 1.18 ± 0.05 C,e | 1.50 ± 0.03 C,d | 0.47 ± 0.01 C,g | 0 ± 0 C,h | 0.73 ± 0.06 C,f | 2.39 ± 0.08 C,a | 2.08 ± 0.01 C,b | 2.14 ± 0.03 C,b | 0 ± 0 B,h | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0.29 ± 0.01 D,d | 0 ± 0 C,e | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0.72 ± 0.06 D,c | 0.93 ± 0.03 D,b | 1.10 ± 0.09 D,a | 0 ± 0 B,g | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0.12 ± 0.02 E,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0.57 ± 0.10 E,a | 0 ± 0 B,b | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | |
Sinapis arvensis L. | 0 | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a | 2.77 ± 0.03 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,g | 0 ± 0 B,g | 0.92 ± 0.04 B,d | 0.59 ± 0.01 B,e | 1.80 ± 0.02 B,c | 1.89 ± 0.05 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,g | 2.17 ± 0.03 B,a | 0.50 ± 0 B,f | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0.55 ± 0.03 C,b | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0.87 ± 0.03 C,a | 0.08 ± 0.02 C,d | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 C,d | 0.50 ± 0 B,b | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,a | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,a | |
Lepidium sativum L. | 0 | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.42 ± 0.02 A,a |
1 | 0.96 ± 0.03 B,a | 0.77 ± 0.04 B,b | 0.74 ± 0.07 B,b | 0.54 ± 0 B,c | 0.68 ± 0.06 B,b | 0.96 ± 0.01 B,a | 0.87 ± 0.01 B,a | 0.90 ± 0.01 B,a | 0.31 ± 0.01 B,d | |
2 | 0.67 ± 0.02 C,b | 0.64 ± 0.02 C,b | 0.67 ± 0.04 B,b | 0.31 ± 0.01 C,d | 0.52 ± 0.01 C,c | 0.78 ± 0.03 C,a | 0.51 ± 0.01 C,c | 0.75 ± 0.02 C,a | 0.25 ± 0 C,d | |
3 | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0.55 ± 0.02 D,a | 0.55 ± 0.02 C,a | 0.20 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 D,e | 0.49 ± 0.02 D,b | 0.37 ± 0.02 D,c | 0.47 ± 0.01 D,b | 0.21 ± 0.01 D,d | |
4 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0.49 ± 0.01 D,a | 0.52 ± 0.04 C,a | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0.17 ± 0.03 E,c | 0.35 ± 0.02 E,b | 0.15 ± 0 E,c | |
5 | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 E,d | 0 ± 0 F,d | 0.25 ± 0.02 F,b | 0.10 ± 0 F,c | |
Raphanus sativus L. | 0 | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.56 ± 0.04 A,a |
1 | 0 ± 0 B,g | 2.43 ± 0.04 B,a | 0 ± 0 B,g | 0.49 ± 0.01 B,f | 1.33 ± 0.03 B,d | 1.19 ± 0.02 B,e | 1.53 ± 0.02 B,c | 2.08 ± 0.04 B,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,f | |
2 | 0 ± 0 B,h | 2.09 ± 0.05 C,a | 0 ± 0 B,h | 0.17 ± 0.02 C,g | 0.93 ± 0.02 C,d | 0.62 ± 0.02 C,e | 0.97 ± 0.03 C,d | 1.88 ± 0.05 C,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,f | |
3 | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0 ± 0 B,d | 0 ± 0 D,d | 0.37 ± 0.03 D,c | 0.45 ± 0.03 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,d | 1.36 ± 0.05 D,a | 0.50 ± 0 B,b | |
4 | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 B,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 E,c | 0 ± 0 D,c | 0.23 ± 0.02 E,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,a | |
5 | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 B,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0.50 ± 0 B,b | |
Triticum durum Desf. | 0 | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a | 11.47 ± 0.02 A,a |
1 | 0.50 ± 0 B,h | 7.21 ± 0.22 B,d | 8.86 ± 0.04 B,c | 10.13 ± 0.19 B,a,b | 5.44 ± 0.07 B,f | 9.84 ± 0.10 B,b | 5.90 ± 0.06 B,e | 10.5 ± 0.25 B,a | 0.44 ± 0.01 B,h | |
2 | 0 ± 0 C,i | 2.84 ± 0.03 C,g | 5.36 ± 0.03 C,b | 4.90 ± 0.06 C,c | 3.48 ± 0.04 C,e | 7.10 ± 0.06 C,a | 3.97 ± 0.09 C,d | 7.05 ± 0.04 C,a | 0.20 ± 0 C,h | |
3 | 0 ± 0 C,g | 0.53 ± 0 D,e | 3.51 ± 0.04 D,b | 0.87 ± 0.09 D,d | 0.62 ± 0.04 D,e | 0 ± 0 D,g | 0 ± 0 D,g | 3.99 ± 0.03 D,a | 0.20 ± 0 C,f | |
4 | 0 ± 0 C,f | 0.52 ± 0.04 D,c | 1.50 ± 0 E,a | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 E,f | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0 ± 0 D,f | 0.60 ± 0.03 E,b | 0.20 ± 0 C,e | |
5 | 0 ± 0 C,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 E,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 D,b | 0 ± 0 F,b | 0.20 ± 0 C,a |
Species | Preserved Specimen Code | Date of Harvest | Harvest Site | Bioclimatic Stage |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. ovata Labill. | EOV211 | December 2021 | Arboretum of Zerniza (Region of Sejnene) | Humid lower biocli-matic |
E. resinifera Sm. | ERE212 | |||
E. angulosa Schauer | EAN213 | |||
E. microcorys F.Muell. | EMI214 | |||
E. diversicolor F.Muell. | EDI227 | September 2022 | Arboretum of Zerniza (Region of Sejnene) | Humid lower bioclimatic |
E. saligna Sm. | ESA222 | |||
E. cladocalyx F.Muell. | ECL224 | |||
E. sargentii Maiden | ESAR218 | January 2021 | Arboretum of Hanya (Governorate of Sousse) | Semiarid bioclimate |
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Ayed, A.; Polito, F.; Mighri, H.; Souihi, M.; Caputo, L.; Hamrouni, L.; Amri, I.; Nazzaro, F.; De Feo, V.; Hirsch, A.M.; et al. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Eight Tunisian Eucalyptus Species and Their Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities. Plants 2023, 12, 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173068
Ayed A, Polito F, Mighri H, Souihi M, Caputo L, Hamrouni L, Amri I, Nazzaro F, De Feo V, Hirsch AM, et al. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Eight Tunisian Eucalyptus Species and Their Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173068
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyed, Amira, Flavio Polito, Hedi Mighri, Mouna Souihi, Lucia Caputo, Lamia Hamrouni, Ismail Amri, Filomena Nazzaro, Vincenzo De Feo, Ann M. Hirsch, and et al. 2023. "Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Eight Tunisian Eucalyptus Species and Their Antifungal and Herbicidal Activities" Plants 12, no. 17: 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173068