Alleviation of Shade Stress in Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis) Seedlings with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in Visual Quality Index in Response to Shade Stress
2.2. Changes in Growth Parameters in Response to Shade Stress
2.3. Changes in Gas Exchange and Photosynthetic Parameters in Response to Shade Stress
2.4. Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and MDA Content in Response to Shade Stress
2.5. Changes in Chlorophyll Concentration in Response to Shade Stress
2.6. Changes in Secondary Metabolites in Response to Shade Stress
2.7. Stress Index, Hierarchical Clustering, and Principal Component Analysis in Response to Shade Stress
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Plant Material and Experimental Design
5.2. Determination of the Visual Quality Index
5.3. Determination of Plant Growth Indicators
5.4. Determination of Gas Exchange Parameters and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
5.5. Determination of Antioxidant Systems and MDA Content
5.6. Determination of Secondary Metabolites
5.7. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Treatments | Visual Quality Index (1–5) |
---|---|
App. Method | |
Normal conditions | 2.68 ± 0.13 a |
Shade stress | 1.57 ± 0.21 c |
Cultivar × 5-ALA concentrations | 2.13 ± 0.15 b |
‘Taihang’ (mg/L) | |
0 | 0.55 ± 0.09 c |
30 | 1.82 ± 0.21 a |
60 | 1.14 ± 0.15 b |
‘Fujian’ (mg/L) | |
0 | 1.32 ± 0.13 c |
30 | 2.98 ± 0.21 a |
60 | 2.18 ± 0.15 b |
ANOVA | |
App. method (M) | ** |
ALA concentrations (C) | *** |
M × C | NS |
Parameter | Normal Conditions | Shade Stress | Stress Index (%) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taihang | Fujian | Taihang | Fujian | Taihang | Fujian | |||||||||||||
0 | 30 | 60 | 0 | 30 | 60 | 0 | 30 | 60 | 0 | 30 | 60 | 0 | 30 | 60 | 0 | 30 | 60 | |
PH | 12.48 | 24.67 | 20.20 | 5.82 | 9.24 | 7.83 | 10.21 | 12.72 | 11.96 | 4.94 | 9.93 | 8.84 | 82 | 52 | 59 | 85 | 107 | 113 |
SD | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 1.28 | 0.84 | 0.69 | 1.45 | 1.13 | 114 | 132 | 104 | 125 | 234 | 235 |
CB | 20.31 | 20.22 | 20.10 | 19.22 | 27.42 | 18.49 | 19.09 | 21.18 | 20.11 | 18.38 | 28.13 | 25.14 | 94 | 105 | 100 | 96 | 103 | 136 |
TNB | 8.30 | 7.43 | 8.03 | 8.76 | 8.28 | 7.90 | 7.90 | 14.24 | 7.04 | 7.22 | 14.70 | 14.10 | 95 | 192 | 88 | 82 | 178 | 178 |
Pn | 3.87 | 2.71 | 3.32 | 2.61 | 3.31 | 2.44 | 3.54 | 4.22 | 2.63 | 2.18 | 3.71 | 2.35 | 91 | 156 | 79 | 84 | 112 | 96 |
Tr | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 79 | 172 | 69 | 85 | 145 | 104 |
Ci | 173.45 | 245.54 | 207.53 | 148.58 | 251.44 | 203.56 | 197.51 | 192.00 | 201.33 | 185.34 | 195.57 | 180.50 | 114 | 78 | 97 | 125 | 78 | 89 |
Gs | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 90 | 173 | 89 | 88 | 159 | 105 |
Fv/Fm | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.53 | 124 | 105 | 102 | 110 | 99 | 98 |
qP | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 145 | 145 | 119 | 128 | 128 | 115 |
ΦPSII | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 130 | 139 | 109 | 116 | 110 | 86 |
NPQ | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 98 | 87 | 98 | 96 | 90 | 98 |
ETR | 35.89 | 35.89 | 29.45 | 29.83 | 29.83 | 22.49 | 38.91 | 38.95 | 23.83 | 33.36 | 33.40 | 22.11 | 108 | 109 | 81 | 112 | 112 | 98 |
SOD | 228.54 | 267.33 | 218.95 | 273.61 | 310.75 | 222.27 | 191.27 | 294.01 | 228.74 | 221.82 | 372.17 | 292.71 | 84 | 110 | 104 | 81 | 120 | 132 |
POD | 186.78 | 288.09 | 190.75 | 255.92 | 314.76 | 228.67 | 132.44 | 335.37 | 226.02 | 201.33 | 378.09 | 257.78 | 71 | 116 | 118 | 79 | 120 | 113 |
CAT | 80.46 | 129.04 | 84.75 | 73.33 | 119.11 | 99.95 | 36.32 | 183.33 | 36.69 | 37.86 | 169.30 | 61.72 | 45 | 142 | 43 | 52 | 142 | 62 |
MDA | 41.96 | 41.76 | 39.42 | 64.54 | 55.00 | 62.12 | 52.94 | 30.39 | 35.96 | 65.57 | 39.00 | 69.54 | 126 | 73 | 91 | 102 | 71 | 112 |
Total Chl | 5.35 | 7.73 | 3.44 | 6.18 | 8.73 | 4.74 | 3.79 | 9.68 | 4.87 | 5.45 | 10.94 | 4.80 | 71 | 125 | 142 | 88 | 125 | 101 |
Chla | 3.57 | 5.25 | 2.17 | 3.86 | 5.28 | 3.19 | 3.18 | 6.25 | 3.25 | 3.65 | 7.22 | 3.22 | 89 | 119 | 150 | 95 | 137 | 101 |
Chlb | 1.26 | 3.43 | 1.62 | 1.63 | 3.45 | 1.65 | 1.42 | 4.28 | 1.17 | 2.00 | 3.72 | 1.19 | 113 | 125 | 72 | 123 | 108 | 72 |
WSC | 22.84 | 34.50 | 34.50 | 22.77 | 34.11 | 31.81 | 21.33 | 41.50 | 32.54 | 26.00 | 49.81 | 32.97 | 93 | 120 | 94 | 114 | 146 | 104 |
PC | 57.59 | 80.99 | 60.75 | 63.59 | 60.47 | 65.41 | 60.50 | 123.89 | 72.89 | 60.50 | 80.75 | 59.89 | 105 | 153 | 120 | 95 | 134 | 92 |
CR | 7.42 | 12.28 | 5.62 | 1.63 | 3.45 | 1.65 | 6.26 | 13.93 | 2.67 | 1.99 | 3.72 | 1.19 | 84 | 113 | 48 | 122 | 108 | 72 |
FA | 57.84 | 89.50 | 69.50 | 72.77 | 84.11 | 89.31 | 46.32 | 111.50 | 72.54 | 71.00 | 114.81 | 52.97 | 80 | 125 | 104 | 98 | 136 | 59 |
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Wu, L.; Song, L.; Cao, L.; Meng, L. Alleviation of Shade Stress in Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis) Seedlings with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA). Plants 2023, 12, 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122333
Wu L, Song L, Cao L, Meng L. Alleviation of Shade Stress in Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis) Seedlings with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA). Plants. 2023; 12(12):2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122333
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Liuliu, Linlin Song, Lifan Cao, and Li Meng. 2023. "Alleviation of Shade Stress in Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis) Seedlings with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)" Plants 12, no. 12: 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122333