Phytoextraction and Migration Patterns of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils by Pennisetum hybridum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Growth of P. hybridum
2.2. Cd Distribution in Various Parts of P. hybridum
2.3. Cd Uptake and Accumulation Patterns of P. hybridum
2.3.1. Bioconcentration and Translocation Factors of Cd in Various Parts of P. hybridum
2.3.2. Location of Cd Storage in P. hybridum Roots
2.4. Phytoextraction Capacity of P. hybridum for Cd
2.5. Variation of Soil pH and Cd Concentration
2.5.1. Variation of Soil pH
2.5.2. Variation of Soil Cd Concentration
2.6. Soil Cd Migration and Removal Pathways
3. Discussion
3.1. Advantages of P. hybridum for Phytoremediation of Cd-Contaminated Soils
3.2. Forms of Cd Stored in Roots of P. hybridum
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Materials
4.2. Experimental Design
4.2.1. Column Test
4.2.2. Lysimeter Test (12 July 2021–13 July 2022)
4.3. Sample Preparation and Analysis
4.4. Data Analysis
- Bioconcentration factor (BCF) = Cd concentration in a plant part/initial soil Cd total concentration;
- Translocation factor (TF) = Cd concentration in an aerial part/root Cd concentration;
- Extraction efficiency = Cd extraction amount by plants/initial total Cd content in soil;
- Removal rate = decrease in soil Cd content after planting/initial total Cd content in soil.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Root Length (cm) | Height (cm) | Biomass (DW, g·plant−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root (in Topsoil) | Root (in Subsoil-1) | Stem | Leaf | |||
Test 1 | 57.67 ± 2.08 | 174.00 ± 4.58 | 16.84 ± 1.09 | 9.60 ± 1.11 | 44.36 ± 2.52 | 42.27 ± 7.10 |
Test 2 | 51.67 ± 4.51 | 190.00 ± 8.66 | 17.91 ± 1.94 | 11.59 ± 0.90 | 95.51 ± 2.25 | 25.96 ± 3.00 |
Height (cm) | Biomass (DW, g·plant −1) | Yield (DW, 104 kg·ha−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennisetum hybridum | Stem | Leaf | Stem | Leaf | |
First harvest | 312.50 ± 5.45 | 856.95 ± 92.15 | 332.86 ± 36.98 | 3.430 | 1.332 |
Second harvest | 267.08 ± 12.14 | 919.83 ± 102.2 | 555.17 ± 62.00 | 3.681 | 2.222 |
Third harvest | 259.17 ± 15.28 | 625.15 ± 47.32 | 478.89 ± 36.37 | 2.502 | 1.917 |
Fourth harvest | 265.00 ± 10.00 | 721.52 ± 59.47 | 653.39 ± 54.68 | 2.888 | 2.615 |
Rice | Straw | Grain | Straw | Grain | |
Upland rice | 130.00 ± 6.00 | 31.73 ± 1.69 | 43.29 ± 1.95 | 0.5080 | 0.6930 |
Simiao rice | 120.00 ± 5.50 | 22.96 ± 3.97 | 15.03 ± 1.48 | 0.3675 | 0.2406 |
BCF | TF | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root (in Topsoil) | Root (in Subsoil-1) | Stem | Leaf | Stem | Leaf | |
Column test 1 | 2.24 | 0.68 | 1.25 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.29 |
Column test 2 | 2.74 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 0.31 |
Lysimeter test | 3.54 | 1.89 | 0.95 | 1.82 | 0.27 | 0.51 |
Extraction Amount (mg·plant−1) | Extraction Efficiency (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root (in Topsoil) | Root (in Subsoil-1) | Stem | Leaf | Total | Roots | Shoots | |
Test 1 | 0.0567 ± 0.0044 | 0.0138 ± 0.0021 | 0.0428 ± 0.0043 | 0.0212 ± 0.0060 | 0.1345 | 4.60 | 4.17 |
Test 2 | 0.0642 ± 0.0086 | 0.0116 ± 0.0008 | 0.1136 ± 0.0022 | 0.0363 ± 0.0034 | 0.2256 | 2.90 | 5.74 |
Extraction Amount (mg·m–2) | Extraction Efficiency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennisetum hybridum | Stem | Leaf | Each Harvest | Annual | |
First harvest | 3.153 ± 0.085 | 1.564 ± 0.042 | 4.717 | 23.40 | 8.53 |
Second harvest | 3.850 ± 0.107 | 4.438 ± 0.123 | 8.288 | ||
Third harvest | 2.216 ± 0.041 | 2.641 ± 0.049 | 4.857 | ||
Fourth harvest | 2.207 ± 0.046 | 3.334 ± 0.069 | 5.541 | ||
Rice | Straw | Grain | |||
Upland rice | 2.006 ± 0.107 | 0.913 ± 0.041 | 2.919 | 3.02 | 1.10 |
Simiao rice | 0.071 ± 0.012 | 0.029 ± 0.003 | 0.100 |
Test 1 | Test 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Value | Control | P. hybridum | Initial Value | Control | P. hybridum | |
Topsoil | 5.57 ± 0.03 A | 5.20 ± 0.27 B | 4.87 ± 0.05 C | 5.27 ± 0.01 a | 5.14 ± 0.01 b | 4.81 ± 0.01 b |
Subsoil-1 | 4.47 ± 0.03 A | 5.20 ± 0.28 A | 3.76 ± 0.12 B | 6.27 ± 0.04 a | 6.42 ± 0.02 a | 5.86 ± 0.19 b |
Initial Value | Pennisetum hybridum | Rice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Second Harvest | Fourth Harvest | Upland Rice | Simiao Rice | ||
Topsoil | 5.58 ± 0.11 B | 5.06 ± 0.14 C | 4.37 ± 0.23 D | 5.47 ± 0.10 B | 5.95 ± 0.31 A |
Subsoil-1 | 5.59 ± 0.25 A | 5.10 ± 0.03 C | 4.76 ± 0.17 D | 5.45 ± 0.03 AB | 5.30 ± 0.14 BC |
Cd Concentration (mg·kg−1) | Cd Removal Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Initial | After Planting | ||
Column test 1 | 0.7676 ± 0.0077 | 0.5863 ± 0.0429 | 23.62 |
Column test 2 | 1.3058 ± 0.0232 | 1.0250 ± 0.0265 | 21.50 |
Lysimeter test | 1.0970 ± 0.0123 | 0.7041 ± 0.1385 | 35.81 |
Shoots | Roots (in Topsoil) | Roots (in Subsoil) | Topsoil Reduction | Subsoil Increase | Leaching Out | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planted test 1 | 0.0640 | 0.0567 | 0.0138 | 0.3626 | 0.0496 | 0.1785 |
Planted test 2 | 0.1499 | 0.0642 | 0.0116 | 0.5616 | 0.0960 | 0.2399 |
No plant test 1 | - | - | - | 0.0418 | 0.0209 | 0.0209 |
No plant test 2 | - | - | - | 0.1677 | 0.0207 | 0.1470 |
Column Test 1 | Column Test 2 | Lysimeter Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topsoil | Subsoil | Topsoil | Subsoil | Topsoil | Subsoil | |
pH | 5.57 ± 0.09 | 4.47 ± 0.04 | 5.27 ± 0.01 | 6.27 ± 0.04 | 4.95 ± 0.05 | 4.86 ± 0.11 |
OM g·kg−1 | 34.42 ± 0.08 | 5.60 ± 0.02 | 39.94 ± 0.17 | 10.51 ± 0.30 | 39.53 ± 4.43 | 16.10 ± 2.46 |
TN g·kg−1 | 1.96 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 1.27 ± 0.12 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 2.24 ± 0.03 | 0.89 ± 0.11 |
TP g·kg−1 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
TK g·kg−1 | 7.59 ± 0.19 | 3.29 ± 0.62 | 9.56 ± 0.15 | 8.34 ± 0.30 | 10.43 ± 0.13 | 12.63 ± 0.20 |
Cd mg·kg−1 | 0.7676 ± 0.0077 | 0.0181 ± 0.0019 | 1.3058 ± 0.0232 | 0.0698 ± 0.0078 | 1.0236 ± 0.0294 | 0.1472 ± 0.0298 |
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Chen, C.; Wei, Z.; Hu, K.; Wu, Q.-T. Phytoextraction and Migration Patterns of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils by Pennisetum hybridum. Plants 2023, 12, 2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122321
Chen C, Wei Z, Hu K, Wu Q-T. Phytoextraction and Migration Patterns of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils by Pennisetum hybridum. Plants. 2023; 12(12):2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122321
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Canming, Zebin Wei, Kuangzheng Hu, and Qi-Tang Wu. 2023. "Phytoextraction and Migration Patterns of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils by Pennisetum hybridum" Plants 12, no. 12: 2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122321