Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Grain Yield
2.2. Spikelets per Panicle
2.3. Seed-Setting Rate
2.4. Panicles per Area, Spikelets per Area and Grain Weight
2.5. Correlation Analysis
2.6. Grain Filling Characteristics
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Sowing Date, Less Nitrogen with Dense Planting on Yield and Yield Compositions
3.2. Effect of Sowing Date, Less Nitrogen with Dense Planting on Grain Filling Weight
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Field Location
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Experimental Management
4.4. Grain Yield
4.5. Yield Components
4.6. Grain Weight Dynamics during Grain Filling Period
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Season | Treatment | 2019 | 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | ||
Early season | N1D1 | 6.7 ± 0.22 b | 6.27 ± 0.24 c | 4.63 ± 0.49 a | 4.41 ± 0.22 a |
N2D1 | 6.68 ± 0.23 b | 6.33 ± 0.29 bc | 5.31 ± 0.54 a | 4.68 ± 0.53 a | |
N2D2 | 6.99 ± 0.16 ab | 7.12 ± 0.2 a | 5.48 ± 1.22 a | 4.83 ± 0.19 a | |
N2D3 | 7.44 ± 0.16 a | 7.09 ± 0.2 a | 5.95 ± 0.49 a | 5.41 ± 0.87 a | |
N3D1 | 6.82 ± 0.3 b | 6.34 ± 0.33 bc | 4.68 ± 0.29 a | 4.58 ± 0.85 a | |
N3D2 | 7.14 ± 0.3 ab | 7.07 ± 0.33 a | 4.7 ± 0.52 a | 5.02 ± 0.26 a | |
N3D3 | 7.15 ± 0.13 ab | 6.93 ± 0.24 ab | 5.32 ± 0.56 a | 5.2 ± 0.82 a | |
Late season | N1D1 | 9.08 ± 0.28 b | 7.51 ± 0.2 d | 5.82 ± 0.35 c | 5.34 ± 0.37 a |
N2D1 | 9.08 ± 0.27 b | 8.08 ± 0.13 bc | 6.44 ± 0.3 bc | 5.46 ± 0.4 a | |
N2D2 | 9.6 ± 0.01 a | 8.23 ± 0.19 bc | 6.67 ± 0.33 bc | 5.27 ± 0.42 a | |
N2D3 | 9.72 ± 0.05 a | 8.87 ± 0.25 a | 6.98 ± 0.33 ab | 5.86 ± 0.34 a | |
N3D1 | 8.5 ± 0.25 c | 7.89 ± 0.21 cd | 6.18 ± 0.19 bc | 5.13 ± 0.54 a | |
N3D2 | 9.1 ± 0.31 b | 8.34 ± 0.13 b | 6.61 ± 0.38 bc | 5.59 ± 0.25 a | |
N3D3 | 9.12 ± 0.17 b | 8.33 ± 0.15 b | 7.64 ± 0.68 a | 5.51 ± 0.36 a | |
Annual | N1D1 | 15.78 ± 0.32 cd | 13.78 ± 0.43 c | 10.45 ± 0.76 b | 9.75 ± 0.41 a |
N2D1 | 15.76 ± 0.5 cd | 14.41 ± 0.33 bc | 11.75 ± 0.72 ab | 10.13 ± 0.74 a | |
N2D2 | 16.59 ± 0.16 ab | 15.36 ± 0.38 a | 12.15 ± 1.53 ab | 10.1 ± 0.27 a | |
N2D3 | 17.16 ± 0.13 a | 15.97 ± 0.41 a | 12.94 ± 0.81 a | 11.27 ± 0.61 a | |
N3D1 | 15.32 ± 0.45 d | 14.22 ± 0.48 c | 10.86 ± 0.13 b | 9.71 ± 1.3 a | |
N3D2 | 16.24 ± 0.15 bc | 15.41 ± 0.37 a | 11.31 ± 0.14 ab | 10.61 ± 0.36 a | |
N3D3 | 16.27 ± 0.09 bc | 15.26 ± 0.37 ab | 12.96 ± 0.26 a | 10.7 ± 1.01 a |
Year | Season | Treatment | Seed-Setting Rate of the Primary Branches | Seed-Setting Rate of the Secondary Branches | Seed-Setting Rate of the Total Branches | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | |||
2019 | Early season | N1D1 | 84.63 ± 0.52 cde | 88.2 ± 0.92 bc | 80.03 ± 0.78 bc | 77.55 ± 0.16 d | 81.63 ± 0.64 b | 81.97 ± 0.53 d |
N2D1 | 85.34 ± 0.4 bc | 87.68 ± 0.66 cd | 78.24 ± 1.1 cd | 81.14 ± 0.69 c | 80.66 ± 0.7 bc | 83.83 ± 0.26 c | ||
N2D2 | 86.25 ± 0.85 b | 86.44 ± 0.75 d | 79.04 ± 1.68 bc | 81.83 ± 0.94 bc | 81.46 ± 1.28 b | 83.8 ± 0.75 c | ||
N2D3 | 85.2 ± 1.65 bcd | 89.37 ± 0.54 ab | 77 ± 1.06 d | 83.8 ± 0.23 ab | 79.9 ± 0.39 c | 86.2 ± 0.02 ab | ||
N3D1 | 83.35 ± 0.27 e | 88.83 ± 0.89 bc | 73.14 ± 0.54 e | 85.68 ± 0.65 a | 76.37 ± 0.27 d | 86.98 ± 0.68 a | ||
N3D2 | 83.76 ± 0.32 de | 90.48 ± 0.9 a | 80.49 ± 0.81 b | 81.46 ± 2.42 c | 81.66 ± 0.65 b | 85.33 ± 1.64 b | ||
N3D3 | 89.22 ± 0.79 a | 87.55 ± 0.47 cd | 83.71 ± 1.1 a | 84.84 ± 1.09 a | 85.51 ± 0.78 a | 86.01 ± 0.58 ab | ||
Late season | N1D1 | 95.59 ± 0.51 ab | 90.41 ± 0.23 bc | 87.13 ± 2.05 bc | 83.64 ± 0.84 c | 90.29 ± 0.9 bc | 86.11 ± 0.56 c | |
N2D1 | 95.63 ± 0.6 ab | 90.73 ± 0.24 bc | 89.17 ± 1.33 ab | 79.58 ± 1.14 e | 91.43 ± 0.9 ab | 83.61 ± 0.6 d | ||
N2D2 | 94.29 ± 1.69 b | 91.37 ± 0.61 bc | 88.25 ± 0.95 ab | 85.53 ± 1.23 b | 90.83 ± 0.63 b | 87.49 ± 0.93 b | ||
N2D3 | 95.98 ± 0.48 a | 91.32 ± 1.09 bc | 90.58 ± 0.39 a | 86.01 ± 0.25 ab | 92.69 ± 0.23 a | 87.78 ± 0.2 b | ||
N3D1 | 95.5 ± 0.68 ab | 89.91 ± 0.6 c | 85.09 ± 2.29 cd | 80.97 ± 0.52 d | 89.11 ± 1.22 cd | 83.97 ± 0.3 d | ||
N3D2 | 95.7 ± 0.55 ab | 90.49 ± 0.22 c | 88.53 ± 0.25 ab | 86.2 ± 0.61 ab | 91.15 ± 0.25 b | 87.8 ± 0.36 b | ||
N3D3 | 95.57 ± 0.55 ab | 92.97 ± 0.2 a | 83.71 ± 1.4 d | 87.68 ± 0.61 a | 88.39 ± 1.07 d | 89.49 ± 0.42 a | ||
2020 | Early season | N1D1 | 93.51 ± 1.27 a | 91.38 ± 0.42 a | 93.61 ± 0.41 cd | 91.83 ± 0.87 b | 93.58 ± 0.65 bc | 91.65 ± 0.55 b |
N2D1 | 90.54 ± 3.03 a | 89.75 ± 1.05 a | 91.97 ± 0.32 e | 88.48 ± 0.83 d | 91.5 ± 1.12 d | 88.98 ± 0.91 c | ||
N2D2 | 93.81 ± 1.83 a | 90.84 ± 1.27 a | 94.29 ± 0.33 bc | 94.28 ± 0.1 a | 94.13 ± 0.83 ab | 93.09 ± 0.41 a | ||
N2D3 | 92.51 ± 4.57 a | 91.61 ± 0.9 a | 95.39 ± 0.21 ab | 90.14 ± 0.4 c | 94.43 ± 1.42 ab | 90.78 ± 0.52 b | ||
N3D1 | 91 ± 0.71 a | 90.76 ± 0.86 a | 92.87 ± 1.18 de | 88.14 ± 0.61 d | 92.26 ± 0.92 cd | 89.28 ± 0.2c | ||
N3D2 | 94.56 ± 1.43 a | 91.56 ± 1.47 a | 95.27 ± 0.86 ab | 90.79 ± 0.97 bc | 95.06 ± 0.45 ab | 91.13 ± 0.93b | ||
N3D3 | 94.7 ± 2.18 a | 91.58 ± 0.64 a | 96.08 ± 0.41 a | 91.25 ± 0.73 bc | 95.61 ± 0.57 a | 91.38 ± 0.54b | ||
Late season | N1D1 | 83.64 ± 2.41 a | 68.65 ± 2.01 bc | 77.63 ± 0.39 b | 78.36 ± 1.91 a | 79.3 ± 0.67 b | 75.39 ± 1.9 a | |
N2D1 | 83.91 ± 3.55 ab | 75.46 ± 2.11 ab | 76.58 ± 3.01 b | 76.23 ± 3.57 a | 78.67 ± 3.16 b | 76 ± 2.19 a | ||
N2D2 | 84.73 ± 3.22 abc | 69.63 ± 5.86 bc | 80.15 ± 1.03 ab | 82.93 ± 0.96 a | 81.49 ± 1.15 ab | 78.52 ± 2.68 a | ||
N2D3 | 86.21 ± 1.61 cd | 69.23 ± 3.55 bc | 80.91 ± 2.52 ab | 73.48 ± 11.19 a | 82.56 ± 1.76 ab | 72.14 ± 6.56 a | ||
N3D1 | 87.28 ± 0.79 bc | 67.56 ± 2.18 c | 79.22 ± 4.08 ab | 75.34 ± 6.2 a | 81.81 ± 3.23 ab | 72.97 ± 3.83 a | ||
N3D2 | 84.95 ± 2.69 abc | 73.81 ± 4.56 abc | 79.85 ± 2.64 ab | 73.38 ± 2.14 a | 81.39 ± 2.08 ab | 73.57 ± 0.57 a | ||
N3D3 | 87.31 ± 1.86 d | 76.8 ± 3.04 a | 83.52 ± 1.91 a | 74.43 ± 1.06 a | 84.82 ± 0.84 a | 75.2 ± 1.1 a |
Year | Season | Treatment | Panicle per m2 | Spikelets per m2 | Grain Weight (mg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | |||
2019 | Early season | N1D1 | 233.33 ± 6.01 cd | 277.78 ± 22.63 b | 38.18 ± 0.62 bcd | 36.85 ± 0.5 a | 25.3 ± 0.68 abc | 25.83 ± 0.18 a |
N2D1 | 252.78 ± 8.83 bc | 225.56 ± 9.71 c | 41.9 ± 3.44 ab | 30.1 ± 1.48 b | 24.53 ± 0.58 c | 25.88 ± 0.89 a | ||
N2D2 | 213.33 ± 15.28 d | 320 ± 17.32 a | 34.47 ± 3.09 d | 38.45 ± 2.14 a | 26.4 ± 1.03 a | 25.62 ± 0.49 a | ||
N2D3 | 284 ± 20.3 a | 320 ± 9.17 a | 42.62 ± 2.52 a | 39.25 ± 3.35 a | 24.97 ± 0.4 bc | 26.28 ± 0.58 a | ||
N3D1 | 225 ± 10.41 d | 272.22 ± 11.1 b | 39.18 ± 1.82 abc | 35.44 ± 2.63 a | 25.3 ± 0.54 abc | 25.87 ± 0.24 a | ||
N3D2 | 233.33 ± 15.28 cd | 273.33 ± 11.55 b | 36.05 ± 1.22 cd | 31.57 ± 1.02 b | 25.88 ± 0.45 ab | 26.32 ± 0.34 a | ||
N3D3 | 260 ± 9.17 b | 296 ± 9.17 ab | 41.9 ± 0.85 ab | 35.98 ± 2.72 a | 25.55 ± 0.13 abc | 25.62 ± 0.32 a | ||
Late season | N1D1 | 309.17 ± 18.09 ab | 293.33 ± 21.26 cd | 45.93 ± 1.19 c | 45.54 ± 3.87 ab | 25.65 ± 0.56 a | 25.98 ± 0.51 a | |
N2D1 | 321.67 ± 12.83 ab | 307.5 ± 18.87 b | 49.03 ± 1.29 c | 48.73 ± 4.19 a | 25.95 ± 0.28 a | 26.2 ± 0.13 a | ||
N2D2 | 290 ± 12.77 b | 302 ± 24.06 b | 47.91 ± 2.96 c | 38.56 ± 3.03 c | 25.63 ± 0.58 a | 26.17 ± 0.43 a | ||
N2D3 | 325.2 ± 26.44 ab | 346.8 ± 19.83 a | 62.22 ± 2.68 a | 46.82 ± 2.83 a | 25.68 ± 0.51 a | 26.33 ± 0.5 a | ||
N3D1 | 294.17 ± 28.76 b | 262.5 ± 20.46 d | 48.62 ± 3.34 c | 39.75 ± 2.45 bc | 25.1 ± 0.44 a | 26.28 ± 0.46 a | ||
N3D2 | 320.67 ± 31.88 ab | 282 ± 4 cd | 49.35 ± 4.47 c | 43.1 ± 3.73 abc | 26.03 ± 0.36 a | 25.73 ± 0.75 a | ||
N3D3 | 346.8 ± 29.2 a | 306 ± 16.5 b | 55.64 ± 3.21 b | 42.76 ± 2.98 abc | 25.5 ± 1.08 a | 25.78 ± 0.65 a | ||
2020 | Early season | N1D1 | 245 ± 4.33 b | 230 ± 9.1 bc | 29.87 ± 0.92 a | 29.29 ± 2.58 bc | 26.27 ± 0.2 a | 26.32 ± 0.58 a |
N2D1 | 243.33 ± 4.86 b | 220 ± 13.23 c | 29.76 ± 1.9 a | 25.33 ± 2.14 c | 26.37 ± 0.87 a | 27.45 ± 0.69 a | ||
N2D2 | 238 ± 20.07 b | 289 ± 19.52 a | 25.46 ± 2.13 bc | 38.41 ± 2.8 a | 26.73 ± 0.34 a | 26.82 ± 0.4 a | ||
N2D3 | 270 ± 10.9 a | 292.8 ± 22.19 a | 31.17 ± 2.36 a | 34.09 ± 3.83 ab | 26.37 ± 0.5 a | 26.75 ± 1.01 a | ||
N3D1 | 208.33 ± 3.82 c | 235.83 ± 15.28 bc | 23.58 ± 2.8 c | 27.11 ± 2.54 c | 26.23 ± 0.23 a | 26.4 ± 0.23 a | ||
N3D2 | 257 ± 13.45 ab | 256 ± 21.07 b | 29.39 ± 2.65 ab | 29.58 ± 3.45 bc | 26.13 ± 0.16 a | 26.85 ± 0.18 a | ||
N3D3 | 240 ± 9.73 b | 235.2 ± 10.39 bc | 25.44 ± 2.28 bc | 28.99 ± 1.3 bc | 26.52 ± 0.46 a | 26.63 ± 0.88 a | ||
Late season | N1D1 | 315 ± 37 ab | 295.83 ± 23.76 c | 60.18 ± 10.8 a | 49 ± 5.2 b | 23.07 ± 0.38 a | 23.2 ± 0.3 a | |
N2D1 | 286.67 ± 8.04 b | 310 ± 26.46 bc | 50.21 ± 2.37 ab | 48.91 ± 4.8 b | 22.95 ± 0.78 a | 22.52 ± 0.55 a | ||
N2D2 | 316 ± 48.59 ab | 360 ± 22.65 ab | 55.72 ± 8.03 a | 55.54 ± 6.31 ab | 23.27 ± 1.37 a | 23.05 ± 0.48 a | ||
N2D3 | 345.6 ± 16.5 a | 392.13 ± 29 a | 56.9 ± 3.49 a | 64.3 ± 7.34 a | 23.38 ± 1.07 a | 22.85 ± 0.35 a | ||
N3D1 | 281.67 ± 20.05 b | 322.5 ± 22.5 bc | 43.97 ± 2.87 b | 53.27 ± 5.2 ab | 22.88 ± 0.68 a | 23.2 ± 0.92 a | ||
N3D2 | 332 ± 29.6 ab | 341.67 ± 18.9 abc | 59.34 ± 7.02 a | 52.88 ± 6.06 ab | 23.62 ± 0.37 a | 22.55 ± 0.43 a | ||
N3D3 | 358.8 ± 22.86 a | 351.6 ± 49.14 abc | 49.75 ± 3.87 ab | 57.82 ± 8.71 ab | 23.3 ± 0.62 a | 23.38 ± 0.88 a |
Yield Components | Primary Branches | Secondary Branches | Grain Weight | Panicles per m2 | Spikelets per Panicle | Seed Setting Rate | Spikelets per m2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spikelets per Panicle | Seed Setting Rate | Spikelets per Panicle | Seed Setting Rate | |||||||
yield | Early season | 0.651 ** | −0.694 ** | 0.494 ** | −0.768 ** | −0.539 ** | 0.243 * | 0.610 ** | −0.768 ** | −0.147 ns |
Late season | 0.591 ** | 0.889 ** | −0.307 ** | 0.816 ** | 0.784 ** | −0.148 ns | −0.163 ns | 0.909 ** | −0.166 ns |
Properties | Values |
---|---|
Total organic carbon (g kg−1) | 19.85 |
Total nitrogen (g kg−1) | 1.23 |
Total phosphorus (g kg−1) | 0.52 |
Total potassium (g kg−1) | 9.34 |
pH | 5.84 |
Available nitrogen (mg kg−1) | 165.39 |
Available phosphorus (mg kg−1) | 11.15 |
Available potassium (mg kg−1) | 91.19 |
Scheme 1 | Treatment | N Application Rate(kg ha−1) | Planting Density | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Basal | Tillering Fertilizer | Panicle Fertilize | Percentage Reduction over Control | Hill Number (×104 ha−1) | Percentage Increase over Control | ||
Early rice | N1D1 | 120 | 60 | 36 | 24 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
N2D1 | 108 | 54 | 32.4 | 21.6 | 10% | 25 | 0 | |
N2D2 | 108 | 54 | 32.4 | 21.6 | 10% | 30 | 20% | |
N2D3 | 108 | 54 | 32.4 | 21.6 | 10% | 35 | 40% | |
N3D1 | 96 | 48 | 28.8 | 19.2 | 20% | 25 | 0 | |
N3D2 | 96 | 48 | 28.8 | 19.2 | 20% | 30 | 20% | |
N3D3 | 96 | 48 | 28.8 | 19.2 | 20% | 36 | 40% | |
Late rice | N1D1 | 150 | 75 | 45 | 30 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
N2D1 | 135 | 67.5 | 40.5 | 27 | 10% | 25 | 0 | |
N2D2 | 135 | 67.5 | 40.5 | 27 | 10% | 30 | 20% | |
N2D3 | 135 | 67.5 | 40.5 | 27 | 10% | 35 | 40% | |
N3D1 | 120 | 60 | 36 | 24 | 20% | 25 | 0 | |
N3D2 | 120 | 60 | 36 | 24 | 20% | 30 | 20% | |
N3D3 | 120 | 60 | 36 | 24 | 20% | 35 | 40% |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhou, W.; Yan, L.; Fu, Z.; Guo, H.; Zhang, W.; Liu, W.; Ye, Y.; Long, P. Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems. Plants 2023, 12, 2298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122298
Zhou W, Yan L, Fu Z, Guo H, Zhang W, Liu W, Ye Y, Long P. Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems. Plants. 2023; 12(12):2298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122298
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Wentao, Lingling Yan, Zhiqiang Fu, Huijuan Guo, Wei Zhang, Wen Liu, Yumeng Ye, and Pan Long. 2023. "Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems" Plants 12, no. 12: 2298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122298