A Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Alleviated the Effects of Acid Water on Lupinus angustifolius Grown in a Sterilized Mining Dump
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soils and Water Characterization
2.2. Experimental Setting
2.3. Measurement of Soil Variables
2.4. Measurement of Plant Variables
2.5. Root Mycorrhizal Colonization
2.6. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Phosphorus, Potassium, and Other Elements
3.2. SOD, POD, LP, Protein, Assimilating Pigments
3.3. Plant Biomass
3.4. Principal Component Analysis of Plant Variables
3.5. Substrate Variables at the End of the Experiment
4. Discussions
4.1. Effects of Independent Variables: Substrate Type, Acid Water, and Commercial Inoculum
4.2. Effects on Dependent Variables: Elements, Oxidative Stress, and Biomass
4.3. Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Variables | R | D | DF | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | |
Soil texture | Loamy sand | Sandy loam soil (10–30% loam) | ||||
pH (H2O) | 6.58 (composite) | 4.88 (composite) | ||||
N-NH4+ [mg kg−1] | 38.7 (composite) | 4.58 | 2.69 | 7.03 | 3.46 | |
N-N03− [mg kg−1] | 48.4 (composite) | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.16 | |
LOI [%] | 2.08 | 0.33 | 2.48 * | 0.20 | 2.57 | 0.13 |
Elements [mg kg−1] | ||||||
Al | 6908 | 265.1 | 11193 * | 177.7 | 12,443 # | 93.06 |
As | 13.12 | 1.29 | 19.36 * | 1.26 | 20.37 | 1.64 |
Ba | 35.15 | 2.21 | 92.79 * | 3.10 | 95.94 | 5.69 |
Ca | 1810 | 88.49 | 2021 * | 152.0 | 1986 | 283.7 |
Cd | 1.75 | 0.48 | 3.24 * | 0.20 | 3.05 | 0.45 |
Co | 4.06 | 0.42 | 15.17 * | 0.49 | 14.77 | 0.38 |
Cr | 14.74 | 0.54 | 32.42 * | 2.53 | 30.81 | 1.16 |
Cu | 21.36 | 1.30 | 46.89 * | 0.75 | 46.02 | 1.30 |
Fe | 7152 | 253.3 | 42272 * | 732.9 | 41549 | 730.5 |
K | 1042 | 64.51 | 1261 * | 41.49 | 1417 # | 173.9 |
Mg | 1395 | 51.29 | 3077 * | 43.61 | 2959 # | 29.35 |
Mn | 246.4 | 5.94 | 713.7 * | 10.13 | 712.3 | 16.30 |
Mo | 0.41 | 0.11 | 2.05 * | 0.26 | 2.17 | 0.24 |
Ni | 8.55 | 1.01 | 46.06 * | 1.73 | 44.08 # | 1.48 |
P | 376.8 | 10.01 | 489.5 * | 12.98 | 491.4 | 7.16 |
Pb | 27.91 | 8.38 | 24.27 | 7.47 | 20.62 | 4.38 |
Sr | 21.61 | 0.75 | 18.94 * | 1.05 | 19.35 | 1.06 |
Ti | 159.1 | 9.18 | 410.3 * | 9.49 | 416.8 | 16.33 |
V | 16.70 | 0.49 | 40.55 * | 0.86 | 41.11 | 1.02 |
Zn | 93.15 | 26.29 | 77.56 | 4.94 | 60.75 # | 3.07 |
Soil Type | Soil Code | Water Type | Number of Pots | Amount of Soil [g] | Amount of Clay Plus Fungi [g] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | R | Neutral | 4 | 355 | 0 |
R | Acidic | 4 | 355 | 0 | |
Dump material without fungi | D | Neutral | 4 | 355 | 0 |
D | Acidic | 4 | 355 | 0 | |
Dump material with fungi | DF | Neutral | 4 | 320 | 35 |
DF | Acidic | 4 | 320 | 35 |
Treatments | Al | As | Ca | Cr | Cu | K | Mg | Mn | P | Sr | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | 0.95 | 0.26 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.26 | |||
RA | 0.27 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.36 | ||||
D | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.66 | |||||
DA | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.72 | ||||
DF | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.88 | ||||||
DFA | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.85 |
Start | End of the Experiment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Substrate | Substrate | Plants | ||
Roots | Leaves | |||
Al | Increase | Increase | ||
Cu | Increase | |||
K | Increase | Increase | ||
Mg | Decrease | Decrease | ||
Ni | Decrease | Decrease | ||
P | Increase | Increase | ||
Sr | Increase | Increase | ||
Zn | Decrease | Increase |
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Neagoe, A.; Iordache, V. A Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Alleviated the Effects of Acid Water on Lupinus angustifolius Grown in a Sterilized Mining Dump. Plants 2023, 12, 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101983
Neagoe A, Iordache V. A Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Alleviated the Effects of Acid Water on Lupinus angustifolius Grown in a Sterilized Mining Dump. Plants. 2023; 12(10):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101983
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeagoe, Aurora, and Virgil Iordache. 2023. "A Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Alleviated the Effects of Acid Water on Lupinus angustifolius Grown in a Sterilized Mining Dump" Plants 12, no. 10: 1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101983