The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Upper Elevational Limit (UEL) Changes over Time
2.2. Assessing If Species’ UELs Are in Equilibrium with Climate
2.3. UEL and Species Attributes
3. Discussion
3.1. Temporal Changes
3.2. Mismatch between Observed and Predicted UEL
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Assessing Species Upper Elevational Limit (UEL) Changes over Time
4.3. Assessing if Species’ UELs Are in Climatic Equilibrium
- Step 1.
- Obtain global and regional occurrences
- Step 2.
- Estimate global and regional niche in environmental space
- Step 3.
- Identify suitable and unsuitable climatic conditions in the study area
- Step 4.
- Compare predicted to observed UELs
4.4. UEL and Species Attributes
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Response Variable | Variable | Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Observed UEL difference between years (2018–2008) | Residence time | 1 | 13 | 13 | 0.0002 | 0.9878 |
Dispersal mode | 2 | 87,625 | 43,812 | 0.8483 | 0.4505 | |
Life span | 2 | 77,297 | 38,648 | 0.7483 | 0.4925 | |
Residuals | 13 | 671,395 | 51,646 | |||
(b) Standardized difference between observed and predicted UEL | Residence time | 1 | 0.00522 | 0.0052192 | 0.2572 | 0.6162 |
Dispersal mode | 2 | 0.01949 | 0.0097462 | 0.4802 | 0.6238 | |
Life span | 2 | 0.00644 | 0.0032198 | 0.1586 | 0.8541 | |
Residuals | 27 | 0.54799 | 0.0202959 |
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Goncalves, E.; Herrera, I.; Alexander, J.; Duarte, M.; Cavieres, L.A.; Morales-Salinas, L.; Bustamante, R.O. The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile. Plants 2022, 11, 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182345
Goncalves E, Herrera I, Alexander J, Duarte M, Cavieres LA, Morales-Salinas L, Bustamante RO. The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile. Plants. 2022; 11(18):2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182345
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoncalves, Estefany, Ileana Herrera, Jake Alexander, Milen Duarte, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Luis Morales-Salinas, and Ramiro O. Bustamante. 2022. "The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile" Plants 11, no. 18: 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182345
APA StyleGoncalves, E., Herrera, I., Alexander, J., Duarte, M., Cavieres, L. A., Morales-Salinas, L., & Bustamante, R. O. (2022). The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile. Plants, 11(18), 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182345