Next Article in Journal
Salicylic Acid Improves Growth and Physiological Attributes and Salt Tolerance Differentially in Two Bread Wheat Cultivars
Next Article in Special Issue
Polyphenolic Compound Variation in Globe Artichoke Cultivars as Affected by Fertilization and Biostimulants Application
Previous Article in Journal
Quantitative Proteomics of Chromochloris zofingiensis Reveals the Key Proteins Involved in Cell Growth and Bioactive Compound Biosynthesis
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 11
Issue 14
10.3390/plants11141852
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potentials, and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activity of Polyphenol and Saponin Fractions from Argania spinosa L. Press Cake

by
Fatima Ezzahra El oumari
1,*,
Naima Mammate
1,
Hamada Imtara
2,*,
Anissa Lahrichi
3,
Radouane Elhabbani
1,
Ghita El mouhri
3,
Ali S. Alqahtani
4,
Omar M. Noman
4,
Mansour N. Ibrahim
5,
Andriy Grafov
6,
Dalila Bousta
7 and
Tarik Sqalli Houssaini
1,8
1
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco
2
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin 44862, Palestine
3
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco
4
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
7
Morocco Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30070, Morocco
8
Department of Nephrology, University of Hospital Hassan II, BP 1835, Atlas, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30700, Morocco
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2022, 11(14), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141852
Submission received: 10 June 2022 / Revised: 7 July 2022 / Accepted: 7 July 2022 / Published: 15 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols - from Plants to Human Health Volume III)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A wide range of biological properties and a potent therapeutic and prophylactic effect on chronic diseases are all present in Argania spinosa L. press cake. The aim of this research is to valorize the anticrystallization properties against calcium oxalate crystals of Argania spinosa L. press cake fractions and identify its bioactive components. Chemical species identification was performed using GC–MS analysis. The turbidimetric model was used to investigate crystallization inhibition in vitro. Infrared spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the synthesized crystals. Furthermore, both DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. The results show that the fractions are equally important in crystallization inhibition percentages of calcium oxalate crystals. For saponin and polyphenol fractions, the inhibition percentages are in the orders of 83.49% and 82.83%, respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method show that the two fractions are equally important in the elimination of free radicals; the inhibition percentages were 77.87 ± 4.21 and 89.92 ± 1.39 for both polyphenols and saponins, respectively. FRAP method showed that the absorbance increases proportionally with concentration, and the absorbance are almost similar for both fractions and reach maximum values in the orders of 0.52 ± 0.07 and 0.42 ± 0.03, respectively, for saponins and polyphenols. These findings demonstrate that both fractions are rich in bioactive chemicals and have an anticrystallization capacity, allowing them to be employed for the curative and prophylactic effects against urolithiasis.

1. Introduction

Urolithiasis, a multifactorial condition, is one of humanity’s oldest and most frequent ailments, and it continues to be a serious public health concern. It affects people of all ages, from newborns to the elderly, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Around the world, a substantial number of people, between 4% and 15% of the human population, suffer urinary stone problems [1]. During the first 5 years, the recurrence rate has been estimated to be 50%, with calcium oxalate being the most common cause [2,3,4]. Nucleation, crystal development, crystal aggregation, and crystal retention are all steps in the multi-step process of urinary stone pathogenesis [5]. Stone formation requires supersaturated urine. Supersaturation is influenced by various factors such as urinary pH, ionic strength, solute concentration, and complexations [5,6].
Modern urology practice has been revotionlized by the adoption of kidney stone treatment techniques as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. However, kidney stones recurrence is unaffected [7,8]. Renal impairment, severe hematuria, pancreatitis, infection, and persistent residual fragments as probable nidus for new stone formation are a few of the side effects of these treatments, in addition to its high cast and recurrence problems [9,10]. Despite significant advancements in the pathogenesis and treatment of urolithiasis, no suitable medication is currently being utilized in clinical practice. As a result, a medicine that could prevent the condition or its recurrence would be quite attractive. Phytochemicals have been used to conduct herbal therapy [11]. It’is now acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an essential building block for basic health care around the world. Herbal medicines are known to include multiple substances that act on urolithiasis via multiple mechanisms [12]. Several biological effects of polyphenols have been achieved, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [13,14]. The antiurolithiatic potential of a polyphenol-rich extract from Quercus gilva Blume was linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [15]. Furthermore, grape seed polyphenols protected the renal papilla from calcium monohydrate oxalate-induced calculi development in [16]. The saponin-rich fraction made from Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl., Herniaria hirsuta L., and hydroalcoholic extract from Argania spinosa press cake inhibited in vitro calcium oxalate crystal nucleation in artificial urine solution [14,15,16,17,18,19].
Sapotaceae family comprises the endemic tree Argania spinosa L. of southwestern Morocco [20]. The oil produced from the fruits of Argania spinosa L. significantly influences the socioeconomic well-being of Amazigh women. There are 2 to 3 kernels in each argan fruit which utilized to make argan oil. Oil made from unroasted kernels is used in cosmetics, while roasted kernels are used to make culinary oil. Argania spinosa L. press cake resulting from unroasted kernels is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals (polyphenols and saponins) [21].
Several studies have revealed many pharmacological effects of Argania spinosa L., such as the curative and preventive potential of the plant against chronic diseases, as well as its numerous biological properties, which include antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, and insecticidal [18,19,20]. Other studies have highlighted the presence of several phytochemicals, such as catechol, tyrosol, catechin, and epicatechin [21]. In addition, several pharmacological activities of Argania spinosa L. press cake have been confirmed [22,23,24]. The usefulness of these two fractions against kidney stone development and the phytochemical composition of each fraction have not yet been verified by research. Using the anticrystallization approach, the current study’s objective was to identify the chemical components present in the poly-phenol and saponin fractions of Argania spinosa L. Skeels press cake and assess their contribution to antiurolithiatic activity.

2. Results

2.1. GC–MS Analysis

By comparing the GC-MS absorbance and MS spectra with data from the literature, it was possible to determine biochemicals of the polyphenol and saponin fractions of the Argania spinosa L. press cake. The identification outcomes and chromatographic profiles for these two fractions are displayed in Figure 1 and Table 1 and Table 2. The examined fractions contained many substances that were confirmed by GC-MS analysis, notably isocyanic acid, isobutyric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, and ephedrine in polyphenol fraction, and beta-D-galactofuranose,1,2,3,5,6-pentakis-o-(trimethylsilyl), D-xylofuranose,1,2,3,5 tetrakis-o-(trimethylsilyl), glucofuranoside, methyl-tetrakis-o-trimethylsilyl, and D-ribopyranose,1,2,3,5 tetrakis-o-(trimethylsily) in saponin fraction.

2.2. Antioxidant Activity

DPPH and FRAP techniques were used to test the antioxidant activity. To assess the significance of the antiradical effect of the saponin and polyphenol fractions, Ascorbic acid was utilized as an antioxidant’s positive control sample. In fact, Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the percent inhibition and the median inhibitory concentration (IC50). The inhibition rate for the three products increases rapidly as concentration rises, as shown in Figure 2, which illustrates the DPPH radical’s reducing activity. The maximum inhibitory percentages are equivalent to 89.92 ± 1.39 percent at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of saponin fraction (p < 0.05 vs. ascorbic acid). For polyphenol fraction, the maximum inhibition percentage corresponding to the maximal concentration (1 mg/mL) was 77.87 ± 4.21 (p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid), against 64.72 ± 5.82 for the positive control.
These results demonstrate that low doses of plant fractions can effectively remove free radicals by converting them into more stable molecules. In reality, offering a free radical hydrogen transforms it into a nonreactive species. The strange electron characteristic, which is the cause of radical reactivity, is eliminated by the addition of hydrogen.
The Fe3+/ferricyanide complex can be reduced to a ferrous Fe2+ form thanks to the two fractions’ high ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), which shows a high capacity for electron donation. Figure 3 demonstrates the correlation between the absorbance and concentration. The values are nearly identical for both fractions and reach maximum values in the orders of 0.52 ± 0.07 (p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid) and 0.42 ± 0.03 (p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid) respectively, for saponins and polyphenols. The absorbance for ascorbic acid rises quickly and reaches a value of 1.96 ± 0.75.

2.3. In Vitro Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Assay

In vitro experiments using the turbidimetric model have been conducted in both the absence (WI) and presence of inhibitors. The percentages of inhibition were calculated by contrasting the slopes with and without the inhibitors, and the findings are displayed in Table 3 and Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. According to Table 3, the two fractions significantly reduce the growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Both the polyphenol and saponin fractions had approximately a similar percentage inhibition of nucleation. Indeed, they are 79.76 ± 5.4% to 82.83 ± 4.32% for concentrations from 0.25 to 0.5 g/L and 78.87 ± 4.03% to 83.49 ± 3.73% for concentrations from 0.25 and 0.5 g/L, with R > 0.97 and CV decreased by 10% for both (p < 0.005 for all comparisons vs. Cit.K). The inhibition percentage of citrate potassium, however, is marginally higher, ranging from 75.47 ± 6.76% to 97.28 ± 0.29% (p < 0.005 for all comparisons vs. Cit.K) for concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 g/L, with R > 0.98 and CV less than 10%. Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 illustrate the curves that indicate how concentration affects the nucleation inhibition rate in the Cit.K solution and both fractions, respectively.

2.4. Characterization of Crystals by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

The chemical composition of the synthesized crystals was determined using infrared spectroscopy technique (FTIR). The resulting spectra are shown in Figure 7. Two bands, 3443 and 2929 cm−1, which are critical to the OH stretching of the water, were found in the spectra after analysis. An out-of-plane C-O deformed band and then another O-C-O plane bending have been identified at 781 and 518 cm−1, respectively. The stretching bands of antisymmetric carbonyls (vas (COO)) and symmetric metal carboxylates (vs. (COO)) are both compatible with the absorption bands at 1633 cm−1 and 1364/1318 cm−1, respectively; these bands belong to COT crystals [25].

3. Discussion

Current pharmaceuticals require the development of natural products based on therapeutic agents in order to treat or prevent diseases. A non-exhaustive source of potentially bioactive compounds has long been recognized in medicinal plants, and they remain an important source for the development of modern therapeutic options [26].
The aim of our study is to valorize and verify the efficacy of polyphenol and saponin fractions extracted from Argania spinosa L. press cake in order to reduce or inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization. We can determined the nucleation phase and the induction time using the turbidity model, which is based on the measurement of the absorbance in solutions as a function of time. The latter is still an important factor because it predicts when nucleation will start. The induction time in this study is dependent on the concentration. This finding explains why the inhibitory impact of fractions causes a delay in crystal formation. Additionally, the polyphenol and saponin fractions are even effective, as shown by a comparison of the induction time values at varied concentrations. Additionally, our results concur with those of Hess et al. [27] and Driouch et al. [28]. The level of nucleation inhibition is quite high in both fractions, with little variation in concentrations examined. These outcomes vastly outweigh those of S. H. Youn et al. and Grases et al., who worked on saponin fractions and polyphenol [15,16]. The efficacy of positive control (potassium citrate) on inhibiting the nucleation step becomes more important at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The assessment of the nucleation rate is useful for estimating the lithogenic potential and assessing the efficacy of therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing the probability of recurrence.
For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, the role of an antioxidant is to remove free radicals. In vitro antioxidant activities of DPPH and FRAP were used to test the antioxidant power of saponin and polyphenol fractions. For natural compounds, the DPPH assay is a popular radical scavenging test. The antioxidant caused a decrease in the DPPH radical’s absorption generated by hydrogen-donating organisms scavenging the radical. Our outcomes revealed that both fractions (saponin and polyphenol) exhibit an antioxidant activity with the maximum inhibition percentages in the orders of 89.92 ± 1.39% and 77.87 ± 4.21%, respectively. Superoxide anions can be catalyzed and induce more dangerous hydroxyl radicals by ferrous ions (Fe2+). The reducing power of plant extracts is commonly used to assess their antioxidant activity [29,30,31]. Our in vitro antioxidant study showed that both fractions have similar antioxidant with maximum values in the orders of 0.52 ± 0.07 and 0.42 ± 0.03, respectively, for saponins and polyphenols.
The chromatographic analysis revealed the existence of various components in both fractions of Argania spinosa L. press cake that may be implicated in antiurolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate crystals. A total of 19 substances were discovered by GC–MS analysis in this study, including isobutyric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, ephedrine, oleic acid, and morphinan-6-one. Some of the chemicals found in Argania spinosa L. press cake (L) extracts have been previously confirmed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, and antiproliferative properties [16,18,19,20].
The anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiviral, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, estrogenic, and antioxidant properties of p-hydroxybenzoic acid have been confirmed; moreover, it decrease the probability of developing hypertension [28,32,33]. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) has been discovered to have antiproliferative effect on CFSC-2C hepatic stellate cells [34]. Ephedrine has a positive ionotropic effect, hence the increase in blood pressure [35]. Beta-D-glucopyranose is confirmed to have an anticancer potential [36]. Additionally, oleic acid has anti-inflammatory properties and has a function in the activation of many immunological pathways in immune competent cells [37]. Analgesic properties were determined for morphinan-6-one [38]. Our result of GC–MS analysis revealed some substances, which are identified by Charrouf et al. [39], such as catechol, oleic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and beta D-glucopyranose. This study’s findings about the antiurolithiatic effect on calcium oxalate crystals’ capacities may be explained by the abundance of several chemical compounds with a variety of activities, as documented in the prior literature.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Material

In July 2019, the fruits of Argania spinosa L. were collected in the Agadir region of Morocco. Before use, the fruits were peeled and pulped. To obtain kernels, nuts were cracked, and each kernel was mechanically crushed. Press cake from Argania spinosa L. was dried at 25 °C before being ground into a fine powder.

4.2. Extraction Methods

4.2.1. Polyphenols Extraction Method

Following the method desrcibed by Mahmoudi et al. [40], polyphenols were extracted. 40 mL of the extraction solvent (ethanol, acetone, and methanol 70 percent v/v in water) was added along with 1 to 2 g of the plant powder. Before filtering, each combination of solutions was heated in a water bath for 30 min. After being removed, the marcs were filtered. The combined filtrates were stored at 4 °C until use after being centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min.

4.2.2. Saponin Extraction Method

According to the steps mentioned by Majinda et al. [41], saponins were extracted with an ethanol solvent from powdered plant material. After that, a defatting step (to remove lipophilic compounds) with petroleum ether was performed after the extraction process. After removing the lipophilic compounds, the extracts were shaken with an n-butanol solvent. After combining the n-butanol aliquots and removing the solvent, a crude saponin extract was obtained.

4.3. GC–MS Analysis

According to Kabran’s approach [42], the phytochemical components were identified using the silylation method. Separated, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, and then concentrated under vacuum, the organic fractions were processed. Then, after being heated at 37 °C for 30 min, 3 mg of the resulting fraction was combined with 200 L of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). The samples were then analyzed using a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS; Agilent Technologies Model 5973 with an Agilent column 19091S-433 HP-5MS equipped with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer, operated using electron ionization (EI)) to determine the composition of 0.1 L of the samples (Agilent Technolo-gies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Helium served as the carrier gas and had an average pressure range (psi) of 0.9 mL/s. The oven was set to a temperature range of 60 to 300 °C. The retention time of the silylated compounds was compared with those of the standards acquired from the database to identify them.

4.4. Antioxidant Activity

4.4.1. DPPH Method

With a few minor changes of Oktay et al. protocol [29], the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) technique was used to measure the antiradical activity of both fractions in triplicate. In fact, a DPPH solution was created by dissolving 4 mg of DPPH in 100 mL of methanol. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), at concentrations of 0.25 to 1 mg/mL, and 750 mL of fractions with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg/mL were added to test tubes. After 30 min of incubation in the dark at room temperature, the absorbance (Ab) was measured at a wavelength of 517 nm (Labtron Equipment Ltd., Camberley, UK). The percentages of inhibition were estimated using the following formula:
% scavenging radicals = ((Ab control − Ab simple)/Ab control) × 100.

4.4.2. FRAP Method

Raman method [30] was used to determine reduction power of the plant fractions. Combining 2.5 mL of potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe (CN)6], 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (0.2 mol/L, pH 6.6), and 2.5 mL of polyphenol and saponin fractions solubilized in destilled water at various concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL is required. The combination was then incubated for a further 20 min at 50 °C. The mixture was mixed with 2.5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid, and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. 2.5 mL of the solution’s top layer, 2.5 mL of distilled water, and 0.5 mL of FeCl3 were mixed (0.1 percent) The absorbance was measured in triplicate at 700 nm (Labtron Equipment Ltd., Camberley, UK). Ascorbic acid was used as a control [26,27].

4.5. In Vitro Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Assay

The Hess et al. approach [27] was used to examine the calcium oxalate anticrystallization impact of saponin and polyphenol fractions. Stock solutions of CaCl2:2H2O (15 mM) and Na2C2O4 (1.5 mM) containing 200 mM NaCl were made, and 10 mM sodium acetate was added to bring the pH to 5.7. The solutions were then warmed to 37 °C and used after being filtered through 0.22 m pore diameter filters. For crystallization studies without an inhibitor, 1 mL of CaCl2: 2H2O solution and 1 mL of distilled water were transferred to a quartz cuvette with an optical path of 10 mm. Next, an identical amount of Na2C2O4 solution was added to initiate the crystal’s development. The optical density (OD) was measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Labtron Equipment Ltd., Camberley, UK) at a wavelength of 620 nm every 15 s for 58 min. In a manner similar to the tests without inhibitors, the extracts were used in place of distilled water to conduct the studies with inhibitors at varied concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 g/L of fractions. Additionally, the slopes of the nucleation phase “SN” were determined using linear regression analysis, and the percent-ages of inhibitions were obtained using the Hess et al. relation [27].

4.6. Characterization of Crystals by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy technique (FTIR) was used to characterize the crystals between 4000 and 400 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1 (Bruker Optics GmBH & Co. KG, Ettlingen, Germany). In practice, a volume V of a CaCl2: 2H2O (15 mM) solution received the equivalent volume of inhibitor and Na2C2O4 (1.5 mM) solution. After being stirred constantly for 30 min, the solution was allowed to stand for 1 h at 37 °C. The crystals were then dried, centrifuged three times at 4000 rpm, and washed three times with ethanol.

4.7. Data Analysis

Mean ± SD was used to express the results. One-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis, which was then followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test and Pearson’s correlation using GraphPad Prism 7. p < 0.05 was considered significant.

5. Conclusions

The use of medicinal and aromatic herbs in the urolithiatic population for urolithiasis prevention and treatment especially in cases of recurrence, a serious public health issueremains an alternative to medical techniques. The purpose of this study is to experimentally confirm the effectiveness of the polyphenol and saponin fractions of Argania spinosa L. press cake in inhibiting the crystallization of calcium oxalate. Our findings show that polyphenols and saponins had nucleation inhibition rates of 82.83% and 83.49%, respectively. In comparison with potassium citrate, we found that both fractions have a similar efficiency and potassium citrate has a slightly higher efficiency. However, in vivo investigations on animal models are required in order to assess the fraction potential medicinal efficacy.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.E.E.o., N.M., H.I. and T.S.H.; methodology, F.E.E.o., A.L. and T.S.H.; formal analysis, F.E.E.o., R.E. and G.E.m.; investigation, T.S.H. and D.B.; resources, A.G., A.S.A. and O.M.N.; data curation, F.E.E.o. and H.I.; writing—original draft preparation, F.E.E.o.; writing—review and editing, H.I, M.N.I., O.M.N. and A.S.A.; supervision, D.B. and T.S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2021/132), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and by the project H2020-MSCA-RISE-Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE), project acronym: VAHVISTUS, project number: 734759.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2021/132), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors also are grateful for the financial support of the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) in Rabat, Morocco.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Chandrasekaran, S.; Veerasamy, V. Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Whole Plant Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Coriandrum sativum L.—An in Vitro Approach. Malaya J. Biosci. 2018, 5, 28–36. [Google Scholar]
  2. Habbani, R.; Chaqrounea, A.; Sqalli Houssainib, T.; Arrayhanib, M.; El Ammaric, J.; Damib, F.; Chouhanib, B.A.; Habbani, A.L. Étude épidémiologique sur les calculs urinaires dans la région de Fès et sur le risque de récidive. Prog. Urol. 2016, 26, 287–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Castiglione, V.; Jouret, F.; Bruyère, O.; Dubois, B.; Thomas, A.; Waltregny, D.; Bekaert, A.-C.; Cavalier, É.; Gadisseur, R. Épidémiologie de la lithiase urinaire en Belgique sur base d’une classification morpho-constitutionnelle. Néphrol. Thér. 2015, 11, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Roger, C.; Abid, N.; Dubourg, L.; Auvergnon, C.; Lemoine, S.; Machon, C. Composition of Urinary Calculi: Lessons from a French Epidemiologic Retrospective Study. Prog. Urol. 2020, 30, 339–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. El oumari, F.E.; Bousta, D.; Grafov, A.; Sqalli Houssaini, T. Phytomolecules Investigated for the Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Stones. Mediterr. J. Chem. 2021, 11, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Khare, P.; Mishra, V.K.; Arun, K.; Bais, N.; Singh, R. Study on In Vitro Anti-lithiatic Activity of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Leaves by Homogenous Precipitation and Turbiditory Method. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 6, 124–127. [Google Scholar]
  7. Miller, N.L.; Lingeman, J.E. Management of Kidney Stones. Br. Med. J. 2007, 334, 468–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Khan, A.; Bashir, S.; Khan, S.R.; Gilani, A.H. Antiurolithic Activity of Origanum vulgare Is Mediated through Multiple Pathways. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2011, 11, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Srisubat, A.; Potisat, S.; Lojanapiwat, B.; Setthawong, V.; Laopaiboon, M. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) versus Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) for Kidney Stones. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 11, CD007044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Butterweck, V.; Khan, S. Herbal Medicines in the Management of Urolithiasis: Alternative or Complementary? Planta Med. 2009, 75, 1095–1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Gürocak, S.; Küpeli, B. Consumption of Historical and Current Phytotherapeutic Agents for Urolithiasis: A Critical Review. J. Urol. 2006, 176, 450–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Gilani, A.H.; Atta-ur-Rahman. Trends in Ethnopharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 100, 43–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Bursal, E.; Boğa, R. Polyphenols Analysed by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and Antioxidant Activities of Molasses, Acorn and Leaves of Oak (Quercus robur subsp. pedunculiflora). Prog. Nutr. 2018, 20, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Bursal, E.; Aras, A.; Doğru, M.; Kiliç, Ö. Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Potentials of Saponaria prostrata Endemic Plant. Int. J. Life Sci. Biotechnol. 2021, 5, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Youn, S.H.; Kwon, J.H.; Yin, J.; Tam, L.T.; Ahn, H.S.; Myung, S.C.; Lee, M.W. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Urolithiasis Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Quercus gilva Blume. Molecules 2017, 22, 1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Grases, F.; Prieto, R.M.; Fernandez-Cabot, R.A.; Costa-Bauzá, A.; Tur, F.; Torres, J.J. Effects of Polyphenols from Grape Seeds on Renal Lithiasis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2015, 2015, 813737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Patel, P.K.; Patel, M.A.; Vyas, B.A.; Shah, D.R.; Gandhi, T.R. Antiurolithiatic Activity of Saponin Rich Fraction from the Fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (Solanaceae) against Ethylene Glycol Induced Urolithiasis in Rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 144, 160–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Fouada, A.; Yamina, S.; Nait, M.A.; Mohammed, B.; Abdlekrim, R. In Vitro and in Vivo Antilithiasic Effect of Saponin Rich Fraction Isolated from Herniaria Hirsuta. Orgão Soc. Bras. Lat.-Am. Nefrol. 2006, 28, 199–203. [Google Scholar]
  19. El oumari, F.E.; Bousta, D.; Imtara, H.; Lahrichi, A.; Elhabbani, R.; El mouhri, G.; Al kamaly, O.; Saleh, A.; Parvez, M.K.; Grafov, A.; et al. Chemical Composition and Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Extracts from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Press-Cake and Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Molecules 2022, 27, 3973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Mechqoq, H.; El Yaagoubi, M.; El Hamdaoui, A.; Momchilova, S.; Guedes da Silva Almeida, J.R.; Msanda, F.; El Aouad, N. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Argan Tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) (Sapotaceae)—A Review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 281, 114528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Charrouf, Z.; Guillaume, D. Secondary Metabolites from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Phytochem. Rev. 2002, 1, 345–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Bejaoui, M.; Taarji, N.; Saito, M.; Nakajima, M.; Isoda, H. Argan (Argania spinosa) Press Cake Extract Enhances Cell Proliferation and Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation of Human Dermal Papilla Cells. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2021, 103, 33–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. El Monfalouti, H.; Guillaume, D.; Denhez, C.; Charrouf, Z. Therapeutic Potential of Argan Oil: A Review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2010, 62, 1669–1675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Kamal, R.; Kharbach, M.; Heyden, Y.V.; Yu, H.; Bouklouze, A.; Cherrah, Y.; Alaoui, K. In Vitro & In Vivo Anti-Hyperglycemic Potential of Saponins Cake and Argan Oil from Argania spinosa. Foods 2021, 10, 1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Ouyang, J.-M.; Zheng, H.; Deng, S.-P. Simultaneous Formation of Calcium Oxalate (Mono-, Di-, and Trihydrate) Induced by Potassium Tartrate in Gelatinous System. J. Cryst. Growth 2006, 293, 118–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Atanasov, A.G.; Waltenberger, B.; Pferschy-Wenzig, E.-M.; Linder, T.; Wawrosch, C.; Uhrin, P.; Temml, V.; Wang, L.; Schwaiger, S.; Heiss, E.H.; et al. Discovery and Resupply of Pharmacologically Active Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2015, 33, 1582–1614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Hess, B.; Meinhardt, U.; Zipperle, L.; Giovanoli, R.; Jaeger, P. Simultaneous Measurements of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Nucleation and Aggregation: Impact of Various Modifiers. Urol. Res. 1995, 23, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Driouch, A.; Djelloul, A.; Kaid-Omar, Z.; Semmoud, A.; Rais, A.; Addou, A. Optimized Experimental Design for the Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Using a Turbidimetrical Model. Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng. 2008, 3, 425–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Oktay, M.; Gülçin, İ.; Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. Determination of in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Seed Extracts. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2003, 36, 263–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Raman, S.; Ganeshan, A.K.G.; Chen, C.; Jin, C.; Li, S.-H.; Chen, H.-J.; Gui, Z. In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Extracted from Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L.). Pharm. Mag. 2016, 12, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Bao, Y.; Qu, Y.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Ren, X.; Maffucci, K.; Li, R.; Wang, Z.; Zeng, R. In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activities of the Flowers and Leaves from Paeonia rockii and Identification of Their Antioxidant Constituents by UHPLC-ESI-HRMSn via Pre-Column DPPH Reaction. Molecules 2018, 23, 392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Manuja, R.; Sachdeva, S.; Jain, A.; Chaudhary, J. A Comprehensive Review on Biological Activities of P-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid and Its Derivatives. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2013, 22, 109–115. [Google Scholar]
  33. Juurlink, B.H.; Azouz, H.J.; Aldalati, A.M.; AlTinawi, B.M.; Ganguly, P. Hydroxybenzoic Acid Isomers and the Cardiovascular System. Nutr. J. 2014, 13, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Freeman, T.L.; Thiele, G.M.; Klassen, L.W.; Klassen, B.T.; Mailliard, M.E. N-(Methylamino)Isobutyric Acid Inhibits Proliferation of CFSC-2C Hepatic Stellate Cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 68, 223–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Persky, A.M.; Berry, N.S.; Pollack, G.M.; Brouwer, K.L.R. Modelling the Cardiovascular Effects of Ephedrine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004, 57, 552–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Kommera, H.; Kaluđerović, G.N.; Bette, M.; Kalbitz, J.; Fuchs, P.; Fulda, S.; Mier, W.; Paschke, R. In Vitro Anticancer Studies of α- and β-d-Glucopyranose Betulin Anomers. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010, 185, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Carrillo, C.; del Cavia, M.M.; Alonso-Torre, S. Papel del Ácido Oleico en el Sistema Inmune; Mecanismos de Acción; Revisión Científica. Nutr. Hosp. 2012, 27, 978–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Leland, D.L.; Kotick, M.P. Analgesic Narcotic Antagonists. 4.0 7-Met Hyl-N-(Cycloalkylmet Hyl)-3-Hydroxymorp Hinan-6-Ones and -Isomorphinan-6-Ones. J. Med. Chem. 1980, 23, 1427–1431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Guillaume, D.; Charrouf, Z. Saponines et métabolites secondaires de l’arganier (Argania spinosa). Cah. Agric. 2005, 14, 509–516. [Google Scholar]
  40. Souhila, M.; Mustapha, K. Etude de l’extraction des composés phénoliques de différentes parties de la fleur d’artichaut (Cynara scolymus L.). Nat. Technol. 2013, 6, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
  41. Majinda, R.R.T. Extraction and Isolation of Saponins. In Natural Products Isolation; Methods in Molecular Biology; Sarker, S.D., Nahar, L., Eds.; Humana Press: Totowa, HJ, USA, 2012; Volume 864, pp. 415–426. ISBN 978-1-61779-623-4. [Google Scholar]
  42. Kabran, G.R.; Mamyrbekova-Bekro, J.A.; Pirat, J.-L.; Bekro, Y.-A.; Sommerer, N.; Verbaere, A.; Meudec, E. Identification de composés Phénoliques Extraits de Deux Plantes de la Pharmacopée Ivoirienne. J. Soc. Ouest-Afr. Chim. 2014, 38, 57–63. [Google Scholar]
Plants 11 01852 g001 550
Figure 1. Chromatographic profile of polyphenol and saponin fractions extracted from Argania spinosa L. press cake.
Figure 1. Chromatographic profile of polyphenol and saponin fractions extracted from Argania spinosa L. press cake.
Plants 11 01852 g001
Plants 11 01852 g002 550
Figure 2. Percent inhibition of free DPPH by saponin and polyphenol fractions. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid.
Figure 2. Percent inhibition of free DPPH by saponin and polyphenol fractions. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid.
Plants 11 01852 g002
Plants 11 01852 g003 550
Figure 3. Ferric reducing power of saponin and polyphenol fractions; **** p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid.
Figure 3. Ferric reducing power of saponin and polyphenol fractions; **** p < 0.005 vs. ascorbic acid.
Plants 11 01852 g003
Plants 11 01852 g004 550
Figure 4. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of polyphenol fraction.
Figure 4. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of polyphenol fraction.
Plants 11 01852 g004
Plants 11 01852 g005 550
Figure 5. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of saponin fraction.
Figure 5. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of saponin fraction.
Plants 11 01852 g005
Plants 11 01852 g006 550
Figure 6. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of potassium citrate. WI: without inhibitor.
Figure 6. Temporal variation of the optical density in the presence of potassium citrate. WI: without inhibitor.
Plants 11 01852 g006
Plants 11 01852 g007 550
Figure 7. Infra−red spectrum of Ca−Ox synthesized crystals.
Figure 7. Infra−red spectrum of Ca−Ox synthesized crystals.
Plants 11 01852 g007
Table
Table 1. Chemical compounds identified in polyphenol fraction.
Table 1. Chemical compounds identified in polyphenol fraction.
No.Retention Time (Min)CompoundsChemical Formula
12.43Isocyanic acid/carbimide hydrogen isocyanateHNCO
22.75Propanoic acid,2-methyl-[cas] (isobutyric acid)C4H8O2
33.03p-Hydroxybenzoic acidC7H6O3
43.23CatecholC6H6O2
53.87EphedrineC10H15NO
Table
Table 2. Chemical compounds identified in saponin fraction.
Table 2. Chemical compounds identified in saponin fraction.
No.Retention Time (Min)CompoundsChemical Formula
14.96Silanamine, N,1,1,1-tetramethyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)SiH5N
27.853-Methyl-6-phenyl-imidazole [2,1-b] oxazoleC13H10N2O2S
39.13,7-Dioxa-2,8disilanonane,2,2,8,8-tetramethyl-5-(trimethylsilyl)oxypropoxy)silane)C9H24O2Si2
49.38N-methyl-n-phenyl-n’-(3-methoxyphenyl)-ureaC15H16N2O
59.7Morphinan-6-one, 3-methoxy-17-methylC18H21NO3
610.43Imidazole,1,4-dimethyl-2-phenylC23H20N2
714.15QuinidineC20H24N2O2
815.09Oleic acid TMSC18H34O2
915.21TetramethoxyflavoneC19H18O6
1017.1Beta-D-galactofuranose,1,2,3,5,6-pentakis-o-[trimethylsilyl]C21H52O6Si5
1117.61D-xylofuranose,1,2,3,5 tetrakis-o-[trimethylsilyl]C17H42O5Si4
1218.13Glucofuranoside, methyl-tetrakis-o-trimethylsilylC19H46O6Si4
1317.78D-ribopyranose,1,2,3,5 tetrakis-o-[trimethylsilyl]C17H42O5Si4
Table
Table 3. Percent inhibition of nucleation in the presence of polyphenol and saponin fractions and potassium citrate.
Table 3. Percent inhibition of nucleation in the presence of polyphenol and saponin fractions and potassium citrate.
Concentration g/L% InhibitionRCV
P.FS.FCit.PP.FS.FCit.PP.FS.FCit.P
0.2579.76 ± 5.478.87 ± 4.0375.47 ± 6.760.960.970.996.774.468.96
0.582.83 ± 4.3283.49 ± 3.7397.28 ± 0.290.970.970.975.215.110.3
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). p < 0.05; P.F: polyphenol fraction; S.F: saponin fraction; Cit.P: potassium Citrate; R: correlation coefficient; CV: variation coefficient.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

El oumari, F.E.; Mammate, N.; Imtara, H.; Lahrichi, A.; Elhabbani, R.; El mouhri, G.; Alqahtani, A.S.; Noman, O.M.; Ibrahim, M.N.; Grafov, A.; et al. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potentials, and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activity of Polyphenol and Saponin Fractions from Argania spinosa L. Press Cake. Plants 2022, 11, 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141852

AMA Style

El oumari FE, Mammate N, Imtara H, Lahrichi A, Elhabbani R, El mouhri G, Alqahtani AS, Noman OM, Ibrahim MN, Grafov A, et al. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potentials, and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activity of Polyphenol and Saponin Fractions from Argania spinosa L. Press Cake. Plants. 2022; 11(14):1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141852

Chicago/Turabian Style

El oumari, Fatima Ezzahra, Naima Mammate, Hamada Imtara, Anissa Lahrichi, Radouane Elhabbani, Ghita El mouhri, Ali S. Alqahtani, Omar M. Noman, Mansour N. Ibrahim, Andriy Grafov, and et al. 2022. "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potentials, and Calcium Oxalate Anticrystallization Activity of Polyphenol and Saponin Fractions from Argania spinosa L. Press Cake" Plants 11, no. 14: 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141852

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop