Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical and Chemical Properties of T. foenum-graecum
3. Traditional Uses of T. foenum-graecum
4. Pharmacological Uses of T. foenum-graecum
4.1. Hypoglycaemic Effects
4.2. Hypocholesterolemic Effects
4.3. Immunomodulatory
4.4. Antimicrobial Activity
4.5. Anticancer Activity
4.6. Antioxidant Property
4.7. Hormonal Effects
4.8. Regulation of Fat Metabolism
4.9. Neuroprotective Effect
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Particular | Plant part | Units | Value/100 g |
---|---|---|---|
Ascorbic acid | Seed | mg | 12–23 |
Ascorbic acid | Leaves | mg | 52.0 |
Pyridoxine | Seed | mg | 0.60 |
Retinol | Seed | IU | 60–100 |
Niacin | Seed | mg | 6.0 |
β-carotene | Seed | µg | 96 |
β-carotene | Leaves | mg | 2.3 |
Thiamine | Seed | µg | 340 |
Thiamine | Leaves | µg | 40 |
Riboflavin | Seed | µg | 290 |
Riboflavin | Leaves | µg | 310 |
Folic acid | Seed | µg | 84 |
Chemical Constituents of Fenugreek Seed | |
---|---|
Alkaloids | trimethylamine, neurin, trigonelline, choline, gentianine, carpaine betain |
Amino acids | isoleucine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, histidine, leucine, lysine, L-tryptophan, argenine |
Saponins | graecunins, fenugrin B, fenugreekine, trigofoenosides A-G |
Steroidal sapinogens | yamogenin, diosgenin, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin, gitogenin, yuccagenin, saponaretin |
Flavonoids | quercetin, rutin, vitexin, isovitexin |
Fibres | gum, neutral detergent fibre |
Lipids | triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanoamine, free fatty acids |
Others | coumarin, lipids, vitamins, minerals. 28% mucilage; 22% proteins; 5% of a stronger-swelling, bitter fixed oil |
Traditional Uses | Reference |
---|---|
Demulcent, lactation stimulant, and laxatives | [14] |
Aid labour, period cramps, and tonic for metabolism | [15] |
Increase milk production in breastfeeding mothers and relieve menstrual cramps, treat cellulitis, boils, and tuberculosis | [15] |
Dysmenorrhoeal and postmenopausal symptoms | [6] |
Topical effect in soothing irritation caused by eczema | [16] |
Lower the amount of calcium oxalate, which is a crystal that causes the formation of kidney stones | [16] |
Detoxifying agent in removing toxic wastes, dead cells, and trapped protein through the lymphatic system | [6] |
Pharmaceutical Properties | Plant Part | Effects | Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hypoglycaemic | Seed | Fenugreek improves peripheral glucose utilization and tolerance | Non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients | [4] |
Improvement in glycaemic control among patients with mild type 2 diabetes mellitus | Patients with type II diabetes | [18] | ||
Dialyzed fenugreek seed extract was comparable to that of insulin | Alloxan-induced diabetic mice | [19] | ||
Improves glucose control as well as decreasing insulin resistance | Double-blind placebo study | [20] | ||
Fenugreek seed polyphenols improved insulin signalling and sensitivity compared to metformin-treated rats | Fructose-fed rats | [21] | ||
Reduction in serum glucose and an increase in liver glycogen | Type 2 diabetic rat | [22] | ||
Concurrent administration of fenugreek increased the bioavailability of metformin | Rat animal model | [23] | ||
Hypocholesterolemic | Seed | Reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Hypercholesterolemia patients | [8] |
Lower blood lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides without affecting the high-density lipoprotein | Patients with coronary heart disease | [8] | ||
18 to 20% reduction in plasma and liver cholesterol | Ethanolic fenugreek seed-extract-fed rats | [25] | ||
Lower LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides | Fenugreek-seed-powder-treated newly diagnosed type II diabetes patients | [27] | ||
Immunomodulatory | Seed | Stimulatory effect on the body and organ weight, haemagglutinin titre, quantitative haemolysis assay, late-type hypersensitivity response, plaque-forming assay, phagocytic activity, and capacity of macrophages | Swiss albino mice treated with aqueous fenugreek extract | [29] |
Stimulation of the humoral immunity and has anti-inflammatory properties | Mice treated with ethanolic fenugreek extract | [30] | ||
Regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory marker and immunoregulator marker M1 and M2, respectively | THP-1 macrophages | [31] | ||
Elevation of the CD4+ and CD8+ values | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | [32] | ||
Antimicrobial | Seed, Leaves and Stem | Methanolic extract had antibacterial affect, but the aqueous extract did not show any activity. The magnitude of effects differs with the plant parts and species of microorganism, as well as the extraction solvent used | Well diffusion involving E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. cereus, and various fungal strains | [26,34] |
Anticancer | Seed | Potent cytotoxic effect of whole extract compared to purified compound | Prostate cancer cell lines, breast cancer cell lines, and pancreatic cancer cell lines | [35] |
Selective cytotoxicity effect of fenugreek extract | T cell lymphoma | [36] | ||
Alcoholic fenugreek extract showed in vitro cytotoxicity | IMR-32, a neuroblastoma cell line, and HT29, a cancer cell line | [37] | ||
Decrease in cell viability and early apoptotic changes | MCF-7 cells, a breast cancer cell line | [38] | ||
Anti-metastatic effect, induced the inhibition of cell migration and increase in late apoptosis, upregulation of p53 | MCF-7 and SK-BR3 breast cancer cell lines | [39] | ||
IC50 at 25 μg/mL, better pancreatic tissue, higher survival rate | BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell line and albino mice | [40] | ||
Antioxidative | Seed | Radical scavenging activity | Biochemical assay | [41] |
Protective effects on lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidant | Cyclophosphamide-treated mice | [42] | ||
Highest superoxide and free radical scavenging due to high phenolic compound | NBT assay and H2O2 scavenging | [43] | ||
Positive effect in the regulation of hepatic enzymes | 12-month-old mice | [44] | ||
Increase in antioxidant radical scavenging activity | DPPH and ABTS assays | [11] | ||
Hormonal effects | Seed | Larger pain reduction and duration of pain decreased | Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | [45] |
Reduction in lower abdominal pain | Patients with primary dysmenorrhea | [47] | ||
Improvement in bone structure and strength | Ovariectomised Wistar rats | [48] | ||
Increase in milk production | Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats | [49] | ||
Modulation of the insulin/GH/IGF-1 axis, stimulation by insulin, and oxytocin secretion | Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats | [50] | ||
Fat metabolism | Seed | Helps to speed up weight reduction by improving digestion and metabolism | Fat-induced obese rat | [52] |
Suppresses hunger by increasing the sense of fullness, which aids weight loss | Fat-induced obese rat | [52] | ||
Accelerating cholesterol metabolism and reversing cholesterol transport, as well as blocking 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in serum and liver | In vivo | [53] | ||
Neuroprotective effects | Seed | Fenugreek-saponins-inhibited apoptosis and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity | Rats | [55] |
Substantial neuroprotective impact | Aluminium-chloride-induced neurotoxicity mouse | [29] | ||
Avoiding rotational behaviour and restoring SNC (substantia nigra compact) neuron and MDA (malondialdehyde) levels | Trigonella-fed mouse | [56] |
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Visuvanathan, T.; Than, L.T.L.; Stanslas, J.; Chew, S.Y.; Vellasamy, S. Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities. Plants 2022, 11, 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111450
Visuvanathan T, Than LTL, Stanslas J, Chew SY, Vellasamy S. Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111450
Chicago/Turabian StyleVisuvanathan, Theysshana, Leslie Thian Lung Than, Johnson Stanslas, Shu Yih Chew, and Shalini Vellasamy. 2022. "Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities" Plants 11, no. 11: 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111450