Next Article in Journal
Cloning and Characterization of Three Sugar Metabolism Genes (LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS) Regulated in Response to Elevated CO2 in Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.)
Next Article in Special Issue
Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins in Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed
Previous Article in Journal
Sampling Variation of RAD-Seq Data from Diploid and Tetraploid Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Previous Article in Special Issue
Monoterpenoids from the Fruits of Amomum tsao-ko Have Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 10
Issue 2
10.3390/plants10020320
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Phenolic Acid Derivatives, Flavonoids and Other Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae)

by
Kengo Hori
1,2,
Takashi Watanabe
1 and
Hari Prasad Devkota
1,3,*
1
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
2
Analytical Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2, Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
3
Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2021, 10(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020320
Submission received: 18 January 2021 / Revised: 29 January 2021 / Accepted: 5 February 2021 / Published: 7 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds in Plants)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Family: Liliaceae), commonly known as ‘Ubayuri’, is native to Japan and some islands in the Russian Far East. It has high value as food, medicinal, and ornamental species. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the main chemical constituents of the leaves of C. cordatum. A total of 19 compounds, namely caffeic acid (1), caffeic acid methyl ester (2), caffeic acid β-glucopyranosyl ester (3), caffeic acid 4-O-β-glucopyranoside (4), ferulic acid (5), isoferulic acid (6), protocatechuic acid (7), syringic acid (8), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-hydroquinone 1-O-β-glucopyranoside (9), esculetin (10), taxifolin (11), quercetin 3-O-(6-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)β-glucopyranoside-7-O-β-rhamnopyranoside (12), 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω-diacid β-glucopyranoside (13), 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid (14), (3Z)-3-hexenyl β-glucopyranoside (15), tryptophan (16), adenine (17), adenosine (18), and 2-deoxyadenosine (19) were isolated using various chromatographic methods. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of their NMR spectroscopic data. All these compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Cardiocrinum. Phenolic acid derivatives and flavonoids can be considered as chemotaxonomic markers in the leaves of Cardiocrinum species.

1. Introduction

The genus Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae) comprises of three perennial bulbiferous herb species, C. cathayanum (E. H. Wilson) Stearn, C. cordatum (Thunb.) Makino., and C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino [1,2]. Among them, C. cathayanum is endemic to China [1,3] and C. giganteum is distributed in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal [1,3,4]. Cardiocrinum cordatum (Figure 1), commonly known as ‘Ubayuri’ in Japan, is native to Japan and some islands in the Russian Far East [1,5]. It is a perennial herb with the height of about 60–100 m. In traditional medicines, the bulbs are used for the treatment of fever and stomachache [6]. The starch obtained from the bulbs is used as food [6,7,8]. Although the Cardiocrinum species have high value as food, medicinal, and ornamental plants [4,6], only a few studies have been performed regarding their chemical constituents. Some previous studies reported the flavonoids from the seeds of C. giganteum [9,10,11] and the starch composition of the bulbs of C. cordatum var. glehnii (F.Schmidt) H.Hara [7,8]. However, there is no report on the chemical constituents of the leaves of C. cordatum. Detailed understanding of bioactive chemical composition of plant species is necessary to explore their potential as raw materials for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical also to understand the role of these compounds in chemotaxonomy. Thus, the main aim of this study was to isolate and identify the major chemical constituents of the leaves of C. cordatum.

2. Results and Discussion

The dried young leaves of C. cordatum were extracted with methanol (MeOH) and the extract was then subjected to repeated column chromatography on MCI gel CHP20P, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and silica gel to isolate 19 pure compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of their 1H, 13C- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data, and by comparison with literature values as caffeic acid (1) [12], caffeic acid methyl ester (2) [12], caffeic acid β-glucopyranosyl ester (3) [13], caffeic acid 4-O-β-glucopyranoside (4) [13], ferulic acid (5) [14], isoferulic acid (6) [14], protocatechuic acid (7) [15], syringic acid (8) [15], 2,6-dimethoxy-p-hydroquinone 1-O-β-glucopyranoside (9) [16], esculetin (10) [17], taxifolin (11), quercetin 3-O-(6-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)β-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (12) [18], 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω-diacid β-glucopyranoside (13) [19], 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid (14) [20], (3Z)-3-hexenyl β-glucopyranoside (15) [21], tryptophan (16), adenine (17), adenosine (18) [22] and 2-deoxyadenosine (19) [22] (Figure 2).
All these compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as phenylpropanoids (1–6), simple phenolic compounds (7–9), coumarin (10) and flavonoids (11, 12), 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω-diacid glucopyranoside (13), 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoic acid (14), (3Z)-3-hexenyl β-glucopyranoside (15), amino acid (16), and nucleic acid derivatives (17–19) were isolated and identified for the first time from the genus Cardiocrinum. The genus Cardiocrinum comprises only three species, C. cathayanum, C. cordatum, and C. giganteum [1,2]. Further, two varieties of C. giganteum i.e., C. giganteum var. giganteum and C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leichtlin ex Elwes) Stearn [3], and one variety of C. cordatum, i.e., C. cordatum var. glehnii (F.Schmidt) H.Hara. are reported [8]. Cardiocrinum species are not well explored regarding their chemical constituents except the isolation and identification of bioflavonoids from the seeds of C. giganteum. Shou et al. [10] reported two new racemic bioflavonoids, CGY-1 ((S)-2R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone-7-methyl ether) and CGY-2 ((S)-2″R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone) from the 95% ethanol extract of the seeds of C. giganteum var. giganteum having antitussive properties. CGY-1 was further reported as a potent agent to improve memory deficit for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction [9]. Similarly, Xia et al. [11] reported the isolation of a new biflavonoid, 3”-hydroxyrobustaflavone along with 3”-hydroxyamentoflavone, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol with antioxidative activities from the 95% ethanol extract of seeds of C. giganteum var. yunnanense.
Phenolic acids belonging to the both groups of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (phenylpropanoid derivatives) and hydroxybenzoic derivatives are abundantly present in many plant species and specially in berries, fruits, and vegetables [23,24]. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are reported to play an important role in plants as antioxidants, as defense regulators, during unfavorable conditions such as drought and infections and as signaling molecules in plant-microbe symbiosis [25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. These compounds exert potent pharmacological activities in humans and animals and are of great interest as food, nutrition, and medicine [32,33,34,35,36]. Phenolic acid derivatives and flavonoids are reported as common constituents of plants of various genera of Liliaceae family such as Fritillaria [37], Hosta [38], and Lilium [39]. Another compound, 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω-diacid β-glucopyranoside (13) was reported previously from Orycatanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) [19] and Cydonia vulgaris Pers. (Rosaceae) [40]. It was reported as a potent antitumor compound as it inhibited the ligand binding to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor [19]. Its aglycone, 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω -diacid, was reported from Phaseolus multiflorus Lam. (Fabaceae) [41]. Similarly, 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid (14), a pyrrole alkaloid derivative, was previously reported from Lycium chinense Mill. (Solanaceae) as a hepatoprotective compound [42]. (3Z)-3-Hexenyl β-glucopyranoside (15) has been previously reported from Pertya glabrescens Sch.Bip. (Asteraceaae) [43], Codonopsis Radix [21], Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) [44], Roscoea purpurea Sm. (Zingiberaceae) [45], among others. An amino acid, tryptophan (16) and three nucleic acid derivatives (17–19), which are common primary metabolites, were also isolated and identified in this study.
As there have been no previous studies on the leaves of other Cardiocrinum species and varieties, a chemotaxonomic comparison at present is difficult and needs further research. These compounds isolated in this study might also be specific to one genotype of the plant species under investigation in this study, thus the comparison of the chemical constituent profile of plants collected in different localities in necessary. As only very few studies have reported the activity of isolated compounds form Cardiocrinum plants, thus detailed bioassay guided isolation of the compound may result in the isolation of other bioactive compounds. Similarly, the quantitative analysis of the compounds may also help to explore these species as potential new sources of bioactive compounds.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

1H-, 13C- and 2D-NMR spectra were measured on Bruker AVANCE-I 600 NMR Spectrometer (1H-NMR: 600 MHz and 13C-NMR: 125 MHz). Column chromatography (CC) was carried out with MCI gel CHP20P (75–150 μm, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), Sephadex LH-20 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Tokyo, Japan) and Chromatorex ODS (30–50 μm, Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan). TLC was performed on a precoated silica gel 60 F254 (0.2 mm, aluminum sheet, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

3.2. Plant Materials

The young leaves of C. cordatum were collected in Kochi Prefecture, Japan in May 2015 and identified by Prof. Takashi Watanabe, Kumamoto University. A voucher specimen (No. KUT [exp]004) has been deposited at the Department of Medicinal Botany, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The shade dried young leaves of C. cordatum (960 g) were extracted twice with MeOH (15 L each time). The extracts were then combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 202.0 g extract. The extract was then subjected on MCI gel CHP20P column chromatography (CC) and eluted successively with water, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% MeOH and CHCl3:MeOH (1:1) to give 10 fractions (1–10). Fraction 3 (5.8 g, H2O eluate) was subjected on Sephadex LH-20 CC (50% MeOH) to give four subfractions (3-1–3-4). Fraction 3-4 was subjected on ODS CC (5–100% MeOH) to afford compound 7 (9.7 mg). Fraction 4 (3.0 g, H2O eluate) was subjected on Sephadex LH-20 CC (50% MeOH) to give seven subfractions (4-1–4-7). Subfraction 4-3 (311.0 mg) was subjected to repeated column chromatography on silica gel CC (CH2Cl2:MeOH:H2O = 8:2:0.1) to afford compound 9 (6.9 mg). Subfraction 4-4 (589.0 mg) was subjected to silica gel CC (CH2Cl2:MeOH:H2O = 8:2:0.1) followed by ODS CC (10% MeOH) to afford compounds 17 (6.1 mg) and 18 (1.4 mg) and 19 (4.2 mg). Subfraction 4-6 (138.3 mg) was ODS CC (20–40% MeOH) followed by repeated CC using Sephadex LH-20 (50% MeOH) to afford compounds 1 (4.7 mg), 3 (14.2 mg), 4 (11.0 mg), and 16 (23.0 mg). Fraction 5 (711.0 mg, 20% MeOH eluate) was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 CC (50% MeOH) and then to repeated CC on silica gel (CH2Cl2:MeOH:H2O = 8:2:0.1) to afford compound 10 (2.4 mg). Fraction 6 (3.98 g, 40% MeOH eluate) was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 CC (50% MeOH) to obtain 4 subfractions (6-1–6-4). These subfractions were further purified using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS CC to afford compounds 12 (15.9 mg), 13 (4.3 mg), 14 (11.0 mg) and 15 (4.6 mg). Fraction 7 (4.8 g, 60% MeOH eluate) was subjected to silica gel CC (CH2Cl2:MeOH:H2O = 8:2:0.1) to obtain 5 subfractions (7-1–6-5). These subfractions were further purified using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and ODS CC to afford compounds 2 (1.8 mg), 5 (4.1 mg), 6 (1.1 mg), 8 (5.0 mg), and 11 (11.5 mg).

3.4. Esculetin (10)

1H-NMR (in CD3OD) δH 7.84 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz, H-4), 7.34 (1H, s, H-8), 7.04 (1H, s, H-7), 6.21 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz, H-3). 13C-NMR (in CD3OD) δC 163.7 (C-2), 153.4 (C-7), 152.7 (C-6), 146.1 (C-4), 144.5 (C-9), 116.8 (C-5), 113.2 (C-3), 112.9 (C-10), 104.4 (C-8).

3.5. 2,7-Dimethyl-2,4-diene-deca-α,ω-diacid β-glucopyranoside (13)

1H-NMR (in CD3OD) δH 7.17 (1H, d, J = 11.4 Hz, H-3), 6.47 (1H, dd, J = 14.9, 11.4 Hz, H-4), 6.11 (1H, dt, J = 14.9 Hz, H-5), 4.33 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz, Glc-1), 4.02 (1H, m, H-8), 3.83–3.65 (2H, m, Glc-6), 3.45–3.15 (4H, m, Glc-2–Glc-5), 2.64–2.54 (2H, m, H-9), 2.47–2.16 (2H, m, H-6), 1.95 (1H, m, H-7), 0.95 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-11). 13C-NMR (in CD3OD) δC 176.6 (C-10), 172.3 (C-1), 142.6 (C-5), 140.1 (C-3), 129.0 (C-4), 126.5 (C-2), 104.8 (Glc-1), 81.9 (C-8), 78.2 (Glc-3), 77.8 (Glc-5), 75.4 (Glc-2), 71.6 (Glc-4), 62.9 (Glc-6), 39.4 (C-9), 38.7 (C-7), 37.0 (C-6), 15.6 (C-11), 12.7 (C-12).

3.6. 4-[Formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-ly]butanoic acid (14)

1H-NMR (in CD3OD) δH 9.45 (1H, s, CHO), 6.98 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz, H-3), 6.28 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz, H-4), 4.49 (2H, s, H-6), 4.37 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, H-1′), 3.35 (3H, s, OCH3), 2.32 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, H-3′), 2.01 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz, H-2′). 13C-NMR (in CD3OD) δC 181.1 (CHO), 176.6 (COOH), 141.1 (C-5), 133.9 (C-2), 125.9 (C-3), 112.9 (C-4), 66.4 (C-6), 58.3 (OCH3), 45.9 (C-1′), 31.8 (C-3′), 27.7 (C-2′).

3.7. (3-Z)-3-Hexenyl β-glucopyranoside (15)

1H-NMR (in CD3OD) δH 5.47 (1H, dt, J = 10.7 Hz, H-3), 5.37 (1H, dt, J = 10.7, 7.0 Hz, H-4), 4.33 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz, Glc-1), 3.86 (2H, m, Glc-6), 3.68–3.18 (4H, m, Glc-2–Glc-5), 2.37 (2H, q, H-2), 2.05 (2H, q, H-5), 0.94 (3H, t, H-6); 13C-NMR (in CD3OD) δC 135.3 (C-3), 125.8 (C-4), 104.1 (Glc-1), 77.7 (Glc-3,Glc-5), 74.9 (Glc-2), 71.4 (Glc-4), 71.0 (C-1), 62.5 (Glc-6), 28.7 (C-2), 21.6 (C-5), 14.8 (C-6).

4. Conclusions

A total of 19 compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as phenylpropanoids, benzoic acid derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins, etc., were isolated and identified for the first time from the genus Cardiocrinum. From the results of current study and with the previous reports, it can be assumed that the flavonoids and other phenolic compounds can be considered as main components in the aerial parts including leaves, stems, and seeds, which may serve as the chemotaxonomic markers of these species. Future studies are necessary to isolate and identify chemical constituents from the aerial parts of other two species and comparison of interspecific variation. On the other hand, bioactivity evaluations of the extracts and isolated compounds is necessary to explore the potential of C. cordatum for use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food industries.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.P.D.; methodology, K.H. and H.P.D.; formal analysis, K.H. and H.P.D.; investigation, K.H. and H.P.D.; resources, T.W. and H.P.D.; data curation, K.H. and H.P.D.; writing—original draft preparation, K.H. and H.P.D.; writing—review and editing, H.P.D.; supervision, project administration and funding acquisition, H.P.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported in part by Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, MEXT, Japan.

Data Availability Statement

Samples of isolated compounds are available from authors upon request.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Teruo Tanaka of Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University for measurement of NMR spectra.

Conflicts of Interest

K.H. is a staff of Astellas Pharma Inc., Japan. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

  1. Lu, R.S.; Li, P.; Qiu, Y.X. The complete chloroplast genomes of three Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae) species: Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 7, 2054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Li, R.; Yang, J.; Yang, J.; Dao, Z. Isolation and characterization of 21 microsatellite loci in Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Liliaceae), an important economic plant in China. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 1437–1443. [Google Scholar]
  3. Songyun, L.; Tamura, M.N. 19. Cardiocrinum (Endlicher) Lindley, Veg. Kingd. 205. 1846. In Flora of China. (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae); Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H., Eds.; Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, MI, USA, 2000; Volume 24, pp. 134–135. [Google Scholar]
  4. Watanabe, T.; Rajbhandari, K.R.; Malla, K.J.; Devkota, H.P.; Yahara, S. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Nepal Supplement I; Ayurseed L.E.I.: Kanagawa, Japan, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  5. Araki, K.; Shimatani, K.; Nishizawa, M.; Yoshizane, T.; Ohara, M. Growth and survival patterns of Cardiocrinum cordatum var. glehnii (Liliaceae) based on a 13-year monitoring study: Life history characteristics of a monocarpic perennial herb. Botany 2010, 88, 745–752. [Google Scholar]
  6. Watanabe, M.; Devkota, H.P.; Sugimura, K.; Watanabe, T. A Guidebook of Medicinal Plant Park; School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University: Kumamoto, Japan, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  7. Iwata, H.; Hashino, A.; Takagi, H. Edible wild plants. XVII. Starches from wild plants. Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 1955, 7, 143–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
  8. Shiozaki, M.; Ishii, S. Composition of Cardiocrinum cordatum var. glehnii and Traditional Derived Dried Foods of the Ainu. Jpn. J. Nutr. Diet. 2004, 62, 303–306. [Google Scholar]
  9. Zhang, R.R.; Lin, Z.X.; Lu, X.Y.; Xia, X.; Jiang, R.W.; Chen, Q.B. CGY-1, a biflavonoid isolated from Cardiocrinum giganteum seeds, improves memory deficits by modulating the cholinergic system in scopolamine-treated mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 111, 496–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Shou, J.W.; Zhang, R.R.; Wu, H.Y.; Xia, X.; Nie, H.; Jiang, R.W.; Shaw, P.C. Isolation of novel biflavonoids from Cardiocrinum giganteum seeds and characterization of their antitussive activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 222, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Xia, X.; Wang, G.N.; Wu, H.Y.; Tian, H.Y.; Shaw, P.C.; Jiang, R. Isolation and identification of antioxidant flavonoids from the seeds Cardicrinum giganteum var. yunnanense. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 2016, 6, 374–377. [Google Scholar]
  12. Chang, S.W.; Kim, K.H.; Lee, I.K.; Choi, S.U.; Ryu, S.Y.; Lee, K.R. Phytochemical constituents of Bistorta manshuriensis. Nat. Prod. Sci. 2009, 15, 234–240. [Google Scholar]
  13. Cui, C.-B.; Tezuka, Y.; Kikuchi, T.; Nakano, H.; Tamaoki, T.; Park, J.-H. Constituents of a Fern, Davallia mariesii Moore. I. Isolation and Structures of Davallialactone and a New Flavanone Glucuronide. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 3218–3225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Song, Y.; Zhou, J.; Wang, X.; Xie, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ni, F.; Huang, W.; Wang, Z.; Xiao, W. A new ferulic acid ester from Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis (Crassulaceae). Nat. Prod. Res. 2018, 32, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Liao, C.R.; Kuo, Y.H.; Ho, Y.L.; Wang, C.Y.; Yang, C.S.; Lin, C.W.; Chang, Y.S. Studies on cytotoxic constituents from the leaves of Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. In non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Molecules 2014, 19, 9515–9534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Otsuka, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Inoshiri, S.; Sato, T.; Yamasaki, K. Phenolic compounds from Coix lachryma-jobi var. Ma-yuen. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 883–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Joshi, K.R.; Devkota, H.P.; Yahara, S. Chemical analysis of flowers of Bombax ceiba from Nepal. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013, 8, 583–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Yoshimitsu, H.; Nishida, M.; Hashimoto, F.; Tanaka, M.; Sakata, Y.; Okawa, M.; Nohara, T. Chromone and flavonol glycosides from Delphinium hybridum cv. “Belladonna Casablanca”. J. Nat. Med. 2007, 61, 334–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Hegde, V.R.; Pu, H.; Patel, M.; Jachens, A.; Gullo, V.P.; Chan, T.M. A new antitumor compound from the plant Oryctanthus sp. as a VEGF receptor binding inhibitor. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 4907–4909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Li, J.; Pan, L.; Naman, C.B.; Deng, Y.; Chai, H.; Keller, W.J.; Kinghorn, A.D. Pyrrole alkaloids with potential cancer chemopreventive activity isolated from a goji berry-contaminated commercial sample of African mango. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 5054–5060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Mizutani, K.; Yuda, M.; Tanaka, O.; Saruwatari, Y.I.; Fuwa, T.; Jia, M.R.; Ling, Y.K.; Pu, X.F. Chemical Studies on Chinese Traditional Medicine, Dangshen. I. Isolation of (Z)-3- and (E)-2-Hexenyl β-D-Glucosides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 2689–2690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Ciuffreda, P.; Casati, S.; Manzocohi, A. Spectral assignments and reference data complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignment of α- And β-adenosine, 2′-deoxyadenosine and their acetate derivatives. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2007, 45, 781–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zadernowski, R.; Naczk, M.; Nesterowicz, J. Phenolic acid profiles in some small berries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2118–2124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Mattila, P.; Hellström, J.; Törrönen, R. Phenolic acids in berries, fruits, and beverages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 7193–7199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Agati, G.; Azzarello, E.; Pollastri, S.; Tattini, M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: Location and functional significance. Plant Sci. 2012, 196, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Harborne, J.B.; Williams, C.A. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 2000, 55, 481–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Khalid, M.; Bilal, M.; Huang, D.F. Role of flavonoids in plant interactions with the environment and against human pathogens—A review. J. Integr. Agric. 2019, 18, 211–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Nakabayashi, R.; Saito, K. Integrated metabolomics for abiotic stress responses in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2015, 24, 10–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Mandal, S.M.; Chakraborty, D.; Dey, S. Phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plant-microbe symbioses. Plant Signal. Behav. 2010, 5, 359–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Carl, H.B. Phenolic-storing cells: Keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation in wilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2000, 57, 101–110. [Google Scholar]
  31. Dietrich, H. Bioactive compounds in fruit and juice. Fruit Process. 2004, 1, 50–55. [Google Scholar]
  32. Barros, L.; Dueñas, M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Baptista, P.; Santos-Buelga, C. Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 1076–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Nile, S.H.; Park, S.W. Edible berries: Bioactive components and their effect on human health. Nutrition 2014, 30, 134–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Raffa, D.; Maggio, B.; Raimondi, M.V.; Plescia, F.; Daidone, G. Recent discoveries of anticancer flavonoids. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 142, 213–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Kumar, N.; Goel, N. Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnol. Rep. 2019, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Romano, B.; Pagano, E.; Montanaro, V.; Fortunato, A.L.; Milic, N.; Borrelli, F. Novel insights into the pharmacology of flavonoids. Phyther. Res. 2013, 27, 1588–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Shen, S.; Li, G.; Huang, J.; Tan, Y.; Chen, C.; Ren, B.; Lu, G.; Zhang, C.; Li, X.; Wang, J. Chemical constituents from Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2012, 45, 183–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Yang, L.; He, J. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicological aspects of the genus Hosta (Liliaceae): A comprehensive review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 265, 113323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Wang, P.; Li, J.; Attia, F.A.K.; Kang, W.; Wei, J.; Liu, Z.; Li, C. A critical review on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2019, 8, 330–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Fiorentino, A.; D’Abrosca, B.; Pacifico, S.; Mastellone, C.; Piscopo, V.; Monaco, P. Spectroscopic identification and antioxidant activity of glucosylated carotenoid metabolites from Cydonia vulgaris fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 9592–9597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. MacMillan, J.; Suter, P.J. The structure of a C12-acid from the seed of Phaseolus multiflorus. Tetrahedron 1967, 23, 2417–2419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Chin, Y.W.; Lim, S.W.; Kim, S.H.; Shin, D.Y.; Suh, Y.G.; Kim, Y.B.; Kim, Y.C.; Kim, J. Hepatoprotective pyrrole derivatives of Lycium chinense fruits. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13, 79–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Nagumo, S.; Kawai, K.; Nagase, H. Sesquiterpenoids and (Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside from Pertya glabrescens and a glucosidic sesquiterpene from P. scandens. Yakugaku Zasshi 1984, 104, 1223–1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Sawabe, A.; Obata, T.; Nochika, Y.; Morita, M.; Yamashita, N.; Matsubara, Y.; Okamoto, T. Investigation of functional molecules in African Celosia argentea L. Stud. Plant Sci. 1999, 6, 290–296. [Google Scholar]
  45. Miyazaki, S.; Devkota, H.P.; Joshi, K.R.; Malla, K.J.; Watanabe, T.; Yahara, S. Chemical constituents from the aerial parts and rhizomes of Roscoea purpurea. Jpn. J. Pharmacogn. 2014, 68, 99–100. [Google Scholar]
Plants 10 00320 g001
Figure 1. Photographs of Cardiocrinum cordatum (From left: Young leaves, plant at flowering stage and flower).
Figure 1. Photographs of Cardiocrinum cordatum (From left: Young leaves, plant at flowering stage and flower).
Plants 10 00320 g001
Plants 10 00320 g002
Figure 2. Structures of compounds isolated from Cardiocrinum cordatum.
Figure 2. Structures of compounds isolated from Cardiocrinum cordatum.
Plants 10 00320 g002
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Hori, K.; Watanabe, T.; Devkota, H.P. Phenolic Acid Derivatives, Flavonoids and Other Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae). Plants 2021, 10, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020320

AMA Style

Hori K, Watanabe T, Devkota HP. Phenolic Acid Derivatives, Flavonoids and Other Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae). Plants. 2021; 10(2):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020320

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hori, Kengo, Takashi Watanabe, and Hari Prasad Devkota. 2021. "Phenolic Acid Derivatives, Flavonoids and Other Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae)" Plants 10, no. 2: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020320

APA Style

Hori, K., Watanabe, T., & Devkota, H. P. (2021). Phenolic Acid Derivatives, Flavonoids and Other Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae). Plants, 10(2), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020320

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop