Landscape Is the Main Driver of Weed Assemblages in Field Margins but Is Outperformed by Crop Competition in Field Cores
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Competition and Weed Management Highly Affect Weed Species Richness in Field Core
2.2. Competition and Weed Management Strongly Affect Weed Abundance in Field Cores
2.3. Landscape Is a Major Driver of Weed Assemblages in Field Margins
2.4. Multiscale Processes Shape Weed Assemblages in Field Cores
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Weed Sampling
4.3. Local, Landscape and Environmental Variables
4.4. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Estimated Buffer Radius (m) | Estimate | df | t-Value | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Weed species richness | Intercept | 16.314 | 1 | 11.204 | <0.001 | |
Crop height | −1.407 | 1 | −2.400 | 0.018 | ||
Nitrogen | 1.058 | 1 | 1.090 | 0.278 | ||
Herbicides | −1.787 | 1 | −1.788 | 0.077 | ||
Hedge density | 17 | 48.506 | 2 | 1.418 | 0.159 | |
Number of meadows | 500 | −4.439 | 2 | −0.366 | 0.715 | |
Amount of organic farming | 777 | −6.513 | 2 | −0.979 | 0.330 | |
Amount of oilseed rape | 600 | 6.913 | 2 | 0.714 | 0.477 | |
Nitrogen × Herbicides | 2.017 | 1 | 3.316 | 0.001 | ||
Nitrogen × Number of meadows | −47.839 | 1 | −3.061 | 0.003 | ||
Nitrogen × Amount of organic farming | 0.420 | 1 | 0.099 | 0.921 | ||
Herbicides × Number of meadows | −5.072 | 1 | −0.281 | 0.779 | ||
Herbicides × Amount of organic farming | 16.105 | 1 | 2.051 | 0.043 | ||
(B) Weed Abundance | ||||||
Intercept | 2.103 | 1 | 42.803 | <0.001 | ||
Crop Height | −0.088 | 1 | −3.101 | 0.002 | ||
Herbicides | −0.075 | 1 | −2.223 | 0.028 | ||
Hedge density | 68 | 6.262 | 2 | 1.345 | 0.181 | |
Number of meadows | 26 | −0.167 | 2 | −0.429 | 0.669 | |
Amount of organic farming | 140 | 0.159 | 2 | 0.814 | 0.418 | |
Amount of oilseed rape | 26 | 0.199 | 2 | 1.075 | 0.285 | |
Herbicides × Number of meadows | 0.938 | 1 | 1.674 | 0.097 | ||
Herbicides × Amount of organic farming | 0.353 | 1 | 1.394 | 0.166 |
(A) | Estimated Buffer Radius (m) | Estimate | df | t-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 20.262 | 1 | 10.818 | <0.001 | ||
Rainfall | −1.805 | 1 | −2.467 | 0.015 | ||
Hedge density | 37 | −86.517 | 2 | −1.083 | 0.281 | |
Number of meadows | 138 | 18.731 | 2 | 2.184 | 0.031 | |
Amount of organic farming | 20 | 8.255 | 2 | 1.642 | 0.103 | |
Amount of oilseed rape | 980 | −11.572 | 2 | −0.711 | 0.478 | |
(B) | ||||||
Intercept | 1.892 | 1 | 60.673 | <0.001 | ||
Rainfall | −0.087 | 1 | −4.060 | <0.001 | ||
Temperature | 0.051 | 1 | 2.310 | 0.023 | ||
Hedge density | 5 | −0.990 | 2 | −1.892 | 0.061 | |
Number of meadows | 266 | 0.664 | 2 | 1.991 | 0.049 | |
Amount of organic farming | 22 | 0.168 | 2 | 1.244 | 0.216 | |
Amount of oilseed rape | 8 | −0.099 | 2 | −0.755 | 0.452 |
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Berquer, A.; Martin, O.; Gaba, S. Landscape Is the Main Driver of Weed Assemblages in Field Margins but Is Outperformed by Crop Competition in Field Cores. Plants 2021, 10, 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102131
Berquer A, Martin O, Gaba S. Landscape Is the Main Driver of Weed Assemblages in Field Margins but Is Outperformed by Crop Competition in Field Cores. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102131
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerquer, Adrien, Olivier Martin, and Sabrina Gaba. 2021. "Landscape Is the Main Driver of Weed Assemblages in Field Margins but Is Outperformed by Crop Competition in Field Cores" Plants 10, no. 10: 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102131