Quantitative Ethnobotanical Analysis of Medicinal Plants of High-Temperature Areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Surveys and Data Collection
2.3. Inventory
2.4. Ethical Consideration
2.5. Quantitative Ethnobotany
2.5.1. Informant Consensus Factor
2.5.2. Use Value
2.5.3. Relative Frequency Citation
2.5.4. Fidelity Level
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Health Issues
3.3. Medicinal Plant Diversity
3.4. Medicinal Plant Parts Used for the Treatment of Diseases
3.5. Mode of Utilization
3.6. Number of Taxa Curing or Treating Ailment Categories
3.7. Quantitative Data Analysis
3.7.1. Informant Consensus Factor
3.7.2. Use Value
3.7.3. Relative Frequency Citation
3.7.4. Fidelity Level
3.8. Ethnopharmacological Relevance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
References
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Variation | Category | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 125 | 62.5% |
Female | 74 | 37.0% | |
Other | 01 | 0.5% | |
Age | Less than 30 | 11 | 5.5% |
30–40 | 15 | 7.5% | |
40–50 | 32 | 16.0% | |
50–60 | 37 | 18.5% | |
60–70 | 43 | 21.5% | |
Over 70 | 62 | 31.0% | |
Marital status | Unmarried | 26 | 13.0% |
Married | 174 | 87.0% | |
Educational background | Illiterate | 171 | 85.5% |
Primary | 12 | 6.0% | |
Middle | 07 | 3.5% | |
Secondary | 05 | 2.5% | |
Higher secondary | 03 | 1.5% | |
University | 02 | 1.0% |
Sr. No. | Family | Number of Medicinal Plants |
---|---|---|
1 | Poaceae | 6 |
2 | Asteraceae | 5 |
3 | Solanaceae | 5 |
4 | Brassicaceae | 4 |
5 | Fabaceae | 4 |
6 | Lamiaceae | 3 |
7 | Moraceae | 3 |
8 | Amaranthaceae | 2 |
9 | Amaryllidaceae | 2 |
10 | Apiaceae | 2 |
11 | Chenopodiaceae | 2 |
12 | Convolvulaceae | 2 |
13 | Meliaceae | 2 |
14 | Myrtaceae | 2 |
15 | Anacardiaceae | 1 |
16 | Asphodelaceae | 1 |
17 | Apocynaceae | 1 |
18 | Boraginaceae | 1 |
19 | Combretaceae | 1 |
20 | Cucurbitaceae | 1 |
21 | Euphorbiaceae | 1 |
22 | Lythraceae | 1 |
23 | Moringaceae | 1 |
24 | Oxalidaceae | 1 |
25 | Primulaceae | 1 |
26 | Rhamnaceae | 1 |
27 | Rutaceae | 1 |
28 | Salvadoraceae | 1 |
Ailment Categories | Nur | Nt | ICF |
---|---|---|---|
Wound healing | 103 | 14 | 0.87 |
Skincare and nails, hair, and teeth disorders | 167 | 26 | 0.85 |
GIT disorders (Diarrhea, constipation, stomach imbalance, cholera) | 156 | 27 | 0.83 |
Muscular disorders (Rheumatism) | 89 | 19 | 0.79 |
Diabetes | 78 | 19 | 0.77 |
Eye problems | 17 | 05 | 0.75 |
Cardiac disorders | 13 | 04 | 0.75 |
Blood purification | 16 | 05 | 0.73 |
Ulcer | 37 | 11 | 0.72 |
Urinary disorders | 57 | 18 | 0.70 |
Cough, cold, fever, flu | 89 | 29 | 0.68 |
Sexual problems | 58 | 19 | 0.68 |
Snake or mosquito bite | 14 | 06 | 0.61 |
Respiratory disorders (asthma, tuberculosis) | 39 | 16 | 0.60 |
S. No | Plant species with Specimen Name | Family | Vernacular Name | Plant Parts Used | Methods of Utilizations | Uses | UV | RFC | FL% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. JP–454 * | Mimosaceae | Kekar | Leaves, roots, fruit, flowers, bark, gum, oil | Extract, decoction, powder | High blood pressure, liver problems, tuberculosis, sexual disorders, ulcer, wounds, common cold, diarrhea, toothache, pickle, fodder | 0.058 | 0.95 | 91.1 |
2 | Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. JP–414 | Fabaceae | sharaii | Leaves, flowers, bark, | Paste | Lungs disorders, diabetes, anti-inflammatory, cough, flu, eye care, diarrhea, piles | 0.11 | 0.35 | 60.0 |
3 | Allium cepa L. JP–421 | Amaryllidaceae | Ganda/Wasal | Bulb, shoots, flower | Extract, raw, decoction, paste | Diabetes, high blood pressure, asthma, sexual disorders in both sexes, dry cough, sore throat, hair loss, sleeplessness, appetite problems in cattle, wounds, cooking | 0.062 | 0.88 | 60.2 |
4 | Allium sativum L JP–379 | Amaryllidaceae | Thoum/Lehson | Bulb, leaves, flower | Extract, decoction, paste, raw, | Diabetes, High blood pressure, cardiac disorders, cough, fever, toothache, skin problems, tuberculosis, cooking | 0.058 | 0.78 | 60.9 |
5 | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. JP–385 | Asphodelaceae | Kawar patha | Leaves | Extract, oil | Skin care, pimples, cuts, constipation, bleeding gums, diabetes | 0.055 | 0.64 | 87.5 |
6 | Amaranthus viridis Hook JP–371 | Amaranthaceae | Chulai | Whole plant | Extract, powder | Diuretic, laxative, blood purification, epilepsy, Cooking, fodder | 0.057 | 0.53 | 71.7 |
7 | Amaranthus spinosus L. JP–378 | Amaranthaceae | Kurand | Whole plant | Extract, paste | Snakebite, laxative, diarrhea, mouth ulcer, vaginal discharge, wound healing, fever, cooking, fodder | 0.088 | 0.51 | 74.5 |
8 | Lysimachia arvensis var. caerulea (L.) Turland & Bergmeier JP–443 | Primulaceae | Matri | Whole plant | Extract | Diuretic, laxative, skincare, liver disorders | 0.077 | 0.26 | 61.5 |
9 | Avena sativa L. JP–467 | Poaceae | Jaii | Leaves, stem, | Extract, powder, paste | Diabetes, constipation, sexual improvement, brain health, normalize blood pressure, cooking | 0.073 | 0.41 | 62.2 |
10 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. JP–489 | Meliaceae | Nemb | Leaves, bark, roots, oil | Extract, oil, paste, raw | Blood purification, skincare, eczema, hair growth, ulcer, diabetes, fever, gums care, birth control, and abortion, antimicrobial | 0.055 | 0.91 | 93.4 |
11 | Brassica campestris L. JP–399 | Brassicaceae | Saag | Whole plant and oil | Extract, paste | Diuretic, milk production in mammals, fodder, cooking | 0.037 | 0.53 | 89.7 |
12 | Brassica nigra L. JP–400 | Brassicaceae | Ussu | Whole plant | Extract, paste, decoction | Rheumatism, skin care, snake bite, laxative, cooking | 0.051 | 0.49 | 46.9 |
13 | Calotropis procera (Aiti) Aiti. JP–382 | Apocynaceae | Aakda | Leaves, sap milk | Extract, decoction | Sexual disorders, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, diarrhea, analgesic | 0.051 | 0.49 | 50.0 |
14 | Chenopodium album L. JP–405 | Chenopodiaceae | Bathoo | Whole plant | Extract, paste, decoction | Rheumatism, diuretic, laxative, skincare, cooking, fodder | 0.043 | 0.69 | 79.0 |
15 | Chenopodium murale L. JP–403 | Chenopodiaceae | Jangli bathoo | Whole plant | Extract, paste, decoction | Piles, asthma, sexual disorder, cough, hair loss, blood purification, cooking, fodder | 0.075 | 0.53 | 67.9 |
16 | Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck JP–433 | Rutaceae | Nimbo/Leemo | Fruit, stem bark, oil, | Extract, oil, paste | Scurvy, flu, stomach imbalance, kidney stones, sore throat, malaria, flavor, cooling juice in summer | 0.048 | 0.82 | 74.5 |
17 | Convolvulus arvensis L. JP–401 | Convolvulaceae | Bhanweri | Leaves, flowers, roots | Tea, extract, paste | Laxative, mosquito bite, normalized menstruation, wound healing | 0.070 | 0.28 | 47.4 |
18 | Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist JP–395 | Asteraceae | Bonkhady | Whole plant | Extract, oil | Rheumatism, diarrhea, fodder | 0.58 | 0.26 | 55.8 |
19 | Coriandrum sativum L. JP–389 | Apiaceae | Dhanyaa | Whole plant | Extract, oil, raw | Rheumatism, nausea, diarrhea, intestinal gas, toothache, flavor | 0.039 | 0.76 | 34.2 |
20 | Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. JP–391 | Boraginaceae | Lasooda/ Nasooda | Leaves, seeds, bark, fruit | Decoction, extract, paste | Fever, anti-inflammatory, diarrhea, headache, Pickle, cooking, fodder | 0.047 | 0.74 | 64.2 |
21 | Coronopus didymus (L.)Sm. JP–394 | Brassicaceae | Jungle podia | Whole plant | Extract | Rheumatism, asthma, diarrhea, malaria, cooking, fodder | 0.079 | 0.38 | 38.2 |
22 | Cucurbita pepo L. JP–375 | Cucurbitaceae | Loki | Leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, | Extract, paste, raw | Diuretic, diabetes, ulcer, laxative, constipation, wound healing, vermifuge, cooking | 0.095 | 0.42 | 51.8 |
23 | Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. JP–404 | Convolvulaceae | Amar beel | Whole plant/vine | Extract | Rheumatism, diuretic, jaundice, cough, skincare, fever, laxative | 0.58 | 0.06 | 33.3 |
24 | Chloris virgata Sw. JP–473 | Poaceae | Leaves | Paste, extraction | Wound healing, Fodder | 0.25 | 0.04 | 25.0 | |
25 | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. JP–468 | Poaceae | Ghass | Whole plant | Extract, powder | Skincare, laxative, fodder | 0.068 | 0.22 | 90.9 |
26 | Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. JP–411 | Fabaceae | Talii | Leaves, wood, bark | Paste, oil | Diuretic, diabetes, vaginal infection, sperm production, piles, nausea | 0.30 | 0.10 | 35.0 |
27 | Datura innoxia Mill JP–439 | Solanaceae | Sundu | Fruit, seeds, | Extract, paste | Malaria, ulcer, common cold, asthma, piles, skin problems, hair loss, dandruff, sexual disorders, | 0.35 | 0.13 | 38.5 |
28 | Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. JP–397 | Asteraceae | Gokdi | Whole plant | Decoction | Rheumatism, asthma, diabetes, skincare, laxative, liver disorder, eye drops, hair growth | 0.33 | 0.12 | 45.8 |
29 | Eclipta prostrate (L.) L. JP–381 | Asteraceae | Kehraj | Whole plant | Extract, paste | Liver disorders, hair dye, skin care, malaria, anti-inflammatory, diabetes | 0.23 | 0.13 | 38.5 |
30 | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. JP–465 | Myrtaceae | Sufaida | Leaves, oil, seed | Extract, oil, paste | Antiseptic, vermifuge, cough, wound healing | 0.15 | 0.13 | 48.1 |
31 | Ficus bengalense (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. JP–461 | Moraceae | Bohard | Leaves, hanging roots, fruit, bark | Extract, decoction | Rheumatism, vaginal infection, diabetes, diarrhea, jaundice, anti-inflammatory, ulcer, skincare | 0.045 | 0.89 | 84.3 |
32 | Ficus religiosa (L.) Forssk. JP–459 | Moraceae | Peppaal | Leaves, bark, fruit | Extract, decoction, paste | Rheumatism, diabetes, jaundice, ulcer, constipation, cough, fever, wound healing, leucorrhea, skincare, piles | 0.064 | 0.86 | 71.5 |
33 | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. JP–369 | Apiaceae | Saunf | Leaves, flowers, fruit | Extract, decoction, tea | Diuretic, laxative, asthma, acne, blood purification | 0.038 | 0.66 | 66.7 |
34 | Hordeum vulgare L. JP–466 | Poaceae | Joo | Whole plant | Decoction, paste | Rheumatism, sore throat, cough, vaginal infection, constipation, cooking | 0.048 | 0.63 | 78.6 |
35 | Lawsonia Inermis L. JP–419 | Lythraceae | Mehndi | Leaves, flowers, bark | Paste or powder, extract, decoction | Diabetes, skincare, wound healing, ornamentation (hair dye, staining of hair, hands, legs, and nails) | 0.061 | 0.33 | 89.4 |
36 | Mangifera indica L. JP–428 | Anacardiaceae | Aamb/Aam | Leaves, flowers, fruits, seed, bark, stem, roots | Powder, extract, raw | skincare, diarrhea, piles, diuretic, diabetes, cardiac disorders, asthma, cough, stomach imbalance, cooking, pickle | 0.064 | 0.85 | 81.3 |
37 | Melia azedarach L. JP–451 | Meliaceae | Bkain | Leaves, root, bark, gum | Extract | Asthma, diuretic, diarrhea, laxative, emetic, cooking | 0.040 | 0.74 | 75.8 |
38 | Melilotus indicus (L.) All. JP–409 | Fabaceae | Sinji | Whole plant | Extract | Laxative, diabetes, diarrhea, cooking, fodder | 0.14 | 0.16 | 59.4 |
39 | Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. JP–417 | Lamiaceae | Jangli podia | Whole plant | Paste, extract, tea | Asthma, common cold, cough, stomach imbalance, headache, wound healing, laxative | 0.065 | 0.54 | 70.4 |
40 | Moringa oleifera Lam. JP–470 | Moringaceae | Sohanjna | Leaves, flowers, seed, and oil | Raw, extract, paste | Diuretic, antimicrobial, asthma, diabetes, birth control, constipation, hair growth, diarrhea, snake bite, ulcer, wound healing, cooking | 0.15 | 0.39 | 65.8 |
41 | Morus alba L. JP–457 | Moraceae | Shatoot | Leaves, bark, fruit | Extract, paste, raw | Cough, common cold, eye infection, sore throat, fever, headache | 0.048 | 0.62 | |
42 | Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. JP–434 | Solanaceae | Jangli tambaco | Leaves, stem, fruit | Extract, powder | Rheumatism, snake bite, wound healing, leaches removal, toothache | 0.037 | 0.67 | 85.1 |
43 | Ocimum basilicum L. JP–415 | Lamiaceae | Niazbo | Leaves, roots, seeds, | Extract | Headache, menstrual cramps, diuretic, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, flavor | 0.041 | 0.86 | 68.6 |
44 | Ocimum sanctum L. JP–413 | Lamiaceae | Tulsi | The whole plant, oil | Extract, powder, oil | Rheumatism, asthma, cough, flu, sore throat, malaria, skincare, diabetes, diarrhea, fever, antiseptic | 0.081 | 0.68 | 61.8 |
45 | Oxalis corniculata L. JP–463 | Oxalidaceae | Junlgi booti | Whole plant | Extract, | Rheumatism, diuretic, fever, diarrhea, flu, snake bite, Cooking, flavor | 0.28 | 0.14 | 35.7 |
46 | Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex steud. JP–436 | Poaceae | Lundda | Stem wood | Extract | Cholera, cardiac disorders, fish poisoning, Cooking, fodder | 0.13 | 0.19 | 34.2 |
47 | Ricinus communis L. JP–402 | Euphorbiaceae | Arand | Leaves, roots, seeds, oil | Extract, paste | Rheumatism, laxative, liver disorders, castor oil for eye care, birth control, skincare | 0.059 | 0.51 | 80.4 |
48 | Salvodora oleoides Decne JP–430 | Salvadoraceae | Jaal | Leaves, bark, roots, seed, and oil | Raw, paste, extract | Rheumatism, diuretic, stomach imbalance, cough, fever, kidney stones, toothache, mosquito repellent, cooking | 0.069 | 0.65 | 57.7 |
49 | Sisymbrium irio L. JP–393 | Brassicaceae | Farmi saag | Leaves, seeds, flowers | Extract, powder, paste | Rheumatism, cough, wound healing, sore throat | 0.091 | 0.22 | 40.9 |
50 | Solanum nigrum L. JP–453 | Solanaceae | Bambool | Leaves, stem | Extract, raw | Skin problems, loss of appetite, asthma, ulcer, laxative, cough, fever, cooking | 0.069 | 0.58 | 75.9 |
51 | Solanum surattense L. JP–445 | Solanaceae | Rubdi | Whole plant | Decoction, paste | Rheumatism, sore throat, cough, vaginal infection, constipation | 0.12 | 0.21 | 76.2 |
52 | Sonchus arvensis L. JP–380 | Asteraceae | Maii bodi | Leaves, roots, flowers | Extract | Asthma, cough, chest pain, caked breast treatment | 0.10 | 0.19 | 41.0 |
53 | Syzygium cumini L. JP–462 | Myrtaceae | Jaman | Leaves, flowers, wood | Extract, raw | Rheumatism, sore throat, asthma, blood purification, ulcer | 0.05 | 0.50 | 72.0 |
54 | Terminalia arjuna L. JP–408 | Combretaceae | Arjun | Leaves, bark, fruit, flower | Extract, paste, powder | Diabetes, cardiac disorders, cough, sore throat, diarrhea, constipation, sore eyes | 0.076 | 0.46 | 71.7 |
55 | Triticum aestivum L. JP–476 | Poaceae | Daany/Gandam | Whole plant | Extract, paste | Diuretic, laxative, kidney problems, sexual strength in both sexes, sore throat, constipation, cooking | 0.037 | 0.95 | 88.9 |
56 | Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal JP–441 | Solanaceae | Aak-Singh | Leaves, flowers, fruits | Extract | Rheumatism, improvement of sexual strength in male | 0.032 | 0.31 | 67.7 |
57 | Xanthium strumarium L. JP–432 | Asteraceae | Muhabat booti | Leaves, roots, fruit | Decoction | Diuretic, laxative, improve appetite, sedative, malaria, fever | 0.37 | 0.08 | 37.5 |
58 | Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. JP–440 | Rhamnaceae | Berry | Roots, leaves, fruits, | Extract, paste, oil, raw | Diuretic, diabetes, fever, cough, constipation, sleeplessness, liver disorders, ulcer, wound healing, skincare | 0.082 | 0.55 | 68.2 |
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Usman, M.; Ditta, A.; Ibrahim, F.H.; Murtaza, G.; Rajpar, M.N.; Mehmood, S.; Saleh, M.N.B.; Imtiaz, M.; Akram, S.; Khan, W.R. Quantitative Ethnobotanical Analysis of Medicinal Plants of High-Temperature Areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Plants 2021, 10, 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101974
Usman M, Ditta A, Ibrahim FH, Murtaza G, Rajpar MN, Mehmood S, Saleh MNB, Imtiaz M, Akram S, Khan WR. Quantitative Ethnobotanical Analysis of Medicinal Plants of High-Temperature Areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Plants. 2021; 10(10):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101974
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsman, Muhammad, Allah Ditta, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Sajid Mehmood, Mohd Nazre Bin Saleh, Muhammad Imtiaz, Seemab Akram, and Waseem Razzaq Khan. 2021. "Quantitative Ethnobotanical Analysis of Medicinal Plants of High-Temperature Areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan" Plants 10, no. 10: 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101974