Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of White Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Composition of Phenolic Compounds in A. herba-alba Fractions
2.2. Antimicrobial Activities of A. herba-alba Extracts
2.3. Antioxidant Activities of A. herba-alba Extraction
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Extraction of Artemisia by Soxhlet Apparatus
3.3. Isolation and Fractions of Artemisia Extract by Column
3.4. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
3.5. Analysis of Phenols by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
3.6. Origin and Selection of Microbial Strains
3.7. Preparation of the Inoculums
3.8. Disk Diffusion Method on Agar
3.9. Direct TLC Bioautography Assay
3.10. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
3.11. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fractions | Number of Peak | Retention Time (min) | Concentration (ppm) c | Identifed Compounds |
---|---|---|---|---|
I a | 1 | 2.5 | 18.0 ± 0.9 | Hydroquinone |
II a | 1 | 2.9 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid |
2 | 3.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | Vanillic acid | |
III b | 1 | 2.8 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | Catechol |
2 | 3.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | Quercetin | |
IV b | 1 | 2.0 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | Gallic acid |
2 | 2.8 | 14.1 ± 0.7 | 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid | |
3 | 3.7 | 20.3 ± 1.1 | Cinnamic acid | |
V b | 1 | 2.0 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | Gallic acid |
2 | 2.5 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | Hydroquinone | |
3 | 3.4 | 14.9 ± 0.8 | Thymol |
Concentration | Zone of Inhibition (mm) e | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fraction I (2) | μg/mL | S. aureus | B. cereus | E. coli | P. vulgaris |
1.25 | 0 | 8 ± 1.12 a | 0 | 9 ± 1.02 a | |
2.5 | 0 | 15 ± 0.87 b | 0 | 12 ± 0.95 a | |
5 | 10 ± 1.01 a | 17 ± 1.02 b | 0 | 15 ± 1.03 b | |
10 | 13 ± 1.11 a | 19 ± 0.99 c | 12 ± 0.87 a | 18 ± 1.11 c | |
20 | 17 ± 0.88 b | 20 ± 1.07 c | 17 ± 1.03 b | 19 ± 0.99 c | |
Fraction II (3,4) | 1.25 | 0 | 11 ± 1.02 a | 10 ± 1.1 a | 0 |
2.5 | 0 | 16 ± 1.02 b | 12 ± 1.09 a | 0 | |
5 | 11 ± 0.91 a | 18 ± 0.82 b | 17 ± 0.84 b | 12 ± 0.88 a | |
10 | 16 ± 1.04 b | 21 ± 1.03 c | 21 ± 1.07 c | 16 ± 1.01 b | |
20 | 17 ± 1.12 b | 22 ± 0.97 c | 20 ± 0.99 c | 22 ± 0.95 c | |
Fraction III (3,5) | 1.25 | 10 ± 0.97 a | 12 ± 1.04 a | 8 ± 0.98 a | 0 |
2.5 | 13 ± 1.03 b | 16 ± 0.92 b | 12 ± 1.03 a | 0 | |
5 | 18 ± 1.01 c | 20 ± 0.89 c | 15 ± 1.04 b | 0 | |
10 | 19 ± 0.98 c | 25±0.93d | 17 ± 0.99 b | 0 | |
20 | 20 ± 0.92 c | 27 ± 1.05 d | 20 ± 1.09 c | 9 ± 1.05 a | |
Fraction IV (1,3,6) | 1.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2.5 | 13 ± 1.11 a | 8 ± 1.02 a | 10 ± 1.05 a | 0 | |
5 | 16 ± 0.91 b | 14 ± 0.98 b | 17 ± 0.87 b | 0 | |
10 | 19 ± 1.08 c | 18 ± 1.03 c | 17 ± 1.08 b | 14 ± 0.88 b | |
20 | 25 ± 1.01 d | 20 ± 0.91 c | 19 ± 1.01 b | 18 ± 1.03 c | |
Fraction V (1,2,5) | 1.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2.5 | 11 ± 1.2 a | 0 | 15 ± 0.83 b | 0 | |
5 | 16 ± 1.3 b | 15 ± 1.12 b | 17 ± 1.04 b | 0 | |
10 | 23 ± 0.98 c | 17 ± 0.93 b | 21 ± 1.12 c | 11 ± 0.94 a | |
20 | 21 ± 1.11 c | 20 ± 1.11 c | 21 ± 1.14 c | 17 ± 1.02 b | |
Control | Amikacin | 22 | 24 | 25 | 23 |
Gentamycin | 25 | 23 | 22 | 24 | |
Direct TLC Bioautography results | Retardation factors (Rf) of inhibition zones. | 0.20, 0.40, 0.70 | 0.30, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70, 0.80 | 0.40, 0.55, 0.70 | 0.30 |
Color indicator Legend | 0–5 mm | 5–10 mm | 10–15 mm | 15–20 mm | >20 mm |
Concentration (µg/mL) | Standard (%) | Fraction I (%) | Fraction II (%) | Fraction III (%) | Fraction IV (%) | Fraction V (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 50.3 ± 0.1 c | 31.1 ± 0.9 a | 30.1 ± 0.8 a | 52.9 ± 0.6 b | 37.0 ± 0.6 b | 42.7 ± 0.3 b |
20 | 71.7 ± 1.3 e | 39.7 ± 0.4 b | 37.6 ± 0.9 b | 70.5 ± 0.4 e | 49.9 ± 0.1 c | 61.9 ± 0.5 d |
40 | 86.7 ± 1.3 g | 49.8 ± 0.5 c | 41.6 ± 0.7 b | 89.1 ± 0.6 g | 70.1 ± 0.3 e | 81.0 ± 0.5 f |
80 | 92.9 ± 0.5 h | 69.5 ± 0.6 e | 50.7 ± 0.4 c | 95.8 ± 0.2 h | 80.0 ± 0.4 f | 89.0 ± 0.6 g |
160 | 98.5 ± 0.5 i | 80.6 ± 0.3 f | 67.1 ± 0.3 e | 98.8 ± 0.2 i | 86.9 ± 0.1 g | 93.1 ± 0.3 h |
Standards | Retention Time (min) | Concentration (ppm) | Area 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Hydroquinone | 2.53 | 25 | 128,153,656 (0.01) |
4-Hydroxy benzoic acid | 2.85 | 25 | 43,264,890 (0.01) |
Vanillic acid | 3.07 | 25 | 26,209,327 (0.01) |
Catechol | 2.78 | 25 | 72,980,280 (0.02) |
Quercetin | 3.26 | 25 | 30,545,891 (0.01) |
Gallic acid | 2.06 | 25 | 25,719,999 (0.01) |
Cinnamic acid | 3.62 | 25 | 5,012,145 (0.01) |
Thymol | 3.32 | 25 | 8,398,173 (0.02) |
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Mohammed, M.J.; Anand, U.; Altemimi, A.B.; Tripathi, V.; Guo, Y.; Pratap-Singh, A. Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of White Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba). Plants 2021, 10, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010164
Mohammed MJ, Anand U, Altemimi AB, Tripathi V, Guo Y, Pratap-Singh A. Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of White Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba). Plants. 2021; 10(1):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010164
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed, Muthanna J., Uttpal Anand, Ammar B. Altemimi, Vijay Tripathi, Yigong Guo, and Anubhav Pratap-Singh. 2021. "Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of White Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba)" Plants 10, no. 1: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010164