Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Yeast Gup1 and Gup2 Proteins
2.1. Gup1 and Gup2 Are Members of the MBOAT Superfamily
2.2. Gup1 and Gup2 Subcellular Localisation
2.3. GUP1 and GUP2 Expression in Yeast
3. Yeast Phenotypes Associated with the Deletion of GUP1
3.1. Phenotypes Emerging from Genome-Wide Yeast Screenings
3.2. Cell Wall Integrity and Biogenesis
3.3. High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) Pathway
3.4. Plasma Membrane Composition and Associated Signalling
3.5. Cell Death
3.6. Differentiation and Morphology
4. Proteins Interacting with Yeast Gup1 and Gup2
5. Gup1/2 Homologues from High Eukaryotes
5.1. Hedgehog Pathway
5.2. HHAT(L) Proteins Expression and Associated Pathologies
6. Similarity Analysis of the GUP/HHAT(L) Amino Acid Sequences
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
References
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Aliases | Organism | Key References | |
---|---|---|---|
Gup1 | Gup2 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | [19,28] |
Gup1 | - | Candida albicans | [29] |
- | RASP | Drosophila melanogaster | [30] |
Skinny Hedgehog | [20] | ||
Sightless | [31] | ||
Central Missing | [32] | ||
HHATL | HHAT | Mus musculus | [22] |
HHATL | HHAT | Homo sapiens | [33] |
c3orf3 | [34] | ||
KIAA117 | [35,36] | ||
MBOAT3 * | [33] | ||
MSTP002 # | [33] | ||
OACT3 * | [33] |
Predicted Function in GUP1 and GUP2 Transcription Regulation | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GUP1 | GUP2 | Identical Regulation | Opposite Regulation | ||||||||
Activ. | Inhib. | Both | Activ. | Inhib. | Both | Activ. | Inhib. | Both | Activ. GUP1 + Inhib. GUP2 | Inhib. GUP1 + Activ. GUP2 | |
Ash1 | Abf1 | Rap1 | Ecm22 | Sfp1 | Ace2 | Aft1 | Tec1 | Mig3 | Rap1 | Ash1 | none |
Met4 | Cac2 | Spt23 | Gat4 | Snf2 | Ash1 | Cbf1 | |||||
Tec1 | Cup9 | Yrm1 | Gcr2 | Snf6 | Bas1 | Cin5 | |||||
Gal4 | Gis1 | Sok2 | Fhl1 | Plm2 | |||||||
Hir3 | Gln3 | Spt10 | Gcn4 | Pho4 | |||||||
Mig3 | Gzf3 | Spt2 | Gcr2 | Rap1 | |||||||
Sfp1 | Hap5 | Ste12 | Mig3 | Rfx1 | |||||||
Sum1 | Hda1 | Sut1 | Msn4 | Sko1 | |||||||
Uls1 | Hms1 | Swi3 | Rif2 | Xbp1 | |||||||
Isw2 | Taf14 | Set2 | Yap6 | ||||||||
Mbp1 | Tec1 | Swi5 | Msn2 | ||||||||
Mcm1 | Tup1 | Tbf1 | Swi4 | ||||||||
Mga1 | Uls1 | ||||||||||
Mig1 | Uc2 | ||||||||||
Mot3 | Urc2 | ||||||||||
Nrg1 | Xbp1 | ||||||||||
Rgm1 | Yhp1 | ||||||||||
Rox1 | Yox1 | ||||||||||
YR015C |
Partner | Assay | Type of Study | Key Reference | Assigned Function | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gup1 | Fet3 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Iron-O2-oxidoreductase; multicopper oxidase that oxidizes ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) for subsequent cellular uptake by transmembrane permease Ftr1. |
Frk1 | BA | HTP | [175] | Protein kinase of unknown cellular role; interacts with rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis factors, and the long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase Faa3p. | |
Hek2 | AC | HTP | [176] | RNA-binding protein involved in asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA; represses translation of ASH1 mRNA, an effect reversed by Yck1-dependent phosphorylation; regulates telomere position effect and length. | |
Mep2 | 2H/Co-L | Single study | [165] | NH4+ permease; regulation of pseudohyphal growth; expression regulated by nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). | |
Msc7 | PCA | HTP | [177] | Cytoplasmic protein of unknown function. | |
Nab2 | AC | HTP | [178] | Nuclear poly(A)-binding protein; required for nuclear mRNA export and tail length control. | |
Pil1 | Co-IP | Single study | [45] | Eisosome core component; detected in phosphorylated state in mitochondria; phosphorylated upon Pkc1 hyperactivation in a Slt2p MAPK-dependent fashion. | |
Por1 | Co-IP/Co-L | Single study | [45] | Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC); required for maintenance of mitochondrial osmotic stability and membrane permeability; couples the glutathione pools of the intermembrane space and the cytosol. | |
Sat4 | BA | HTP | [175] | Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in salt tolerance; functions in regulation of Trk1-Trk2 potassium transporter. | |
Vtc4 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Vacuolar membrane polyP polymerase; subunit of the vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex; regulates membrane trafficking; role in non-autophagic vacuolar fusion. | |
YHL042W | PCA | HTP | [174] | Putative protein of unknown function. | |
Gup2 | Aqy1 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Spore-specific aquaporin. |
Aus1 | PCA | HTP | [179] | Plasma membrane sterol transporter of the ATP-binding cassette family; required, along with Pdr11, for uptake of exogenous sterols and their incorporation into the plasma membrane. | |
Hsp30 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Negative regulator of the H(+)-ATPase Pma1; stress-responsive; induced by heat shock, ethanol, weak organic acid, glucose limitation, and entry into stationary phase. | |
Ifa38 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Microsomal beta-keto-reductase; mutants exhibit reduced VLCFA synthesis, accumulate high levels of dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine and medium-chain ceramides. | |
Nam7 | AC | HTP | [180] | ATP-dependent RNA helicase. | |
Pdr10 | PCA | HTP | [179] | ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; multidrug transporter involved in the pleiotropic drug resistance network; regulated by Pdr1p and Pdr3p. | |
Pho88 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Probable membrane protein involved in phosphate transport; role in the maturation of secretory proteins. | |
Sss1 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Subunit of the Sec61 translocation complex (Sec61-Sss1-Sbh1); this complex forms a channel for passage of secretory proteins through the ER membrane. | |
Ste2 | PCA | HTP | [174] | Receptor for α-factor pheromone; interacts with both pheromone and a heterotrimeric G-protein to initiate the signaling response that leads to mating. |
C. albicans SC5314 Gup1 | S. cerevisiae S288c Gup1 | S. cerevisiae S288c Gup2 | D. melanogaster Gup2/RASP | M. musculus Gup1/HHATL | H. sapiens Gup1/HHATL | M. musculus Gup2/HHAT | H. sapiens Gup2/HHAT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. albicans SC5314 Gup1 | 100.00 | 57.64 | 47.02 | 16.63 | 19.15 | 18.45 | 18.49 | 18.77 |
S. cerevisiae S288c Gup1 | 57.64 | 100.00 | 56.61 | 17.84 | 20.70 | 20.45 | 19.30 | 19.80 |
S. cerevisiae S288c Gup2 | 47.02 | 56.61 | 100.00 | 17.80 | 20.92 | 20.20 | 20.00 | 21.07 |
D. melanogaster Gup2/RASP | 16.63 | 17.84 | 17.80 | 100.00 | 21.62 | 21.14 | 25.94 | 26.58 |
M. musculus Gup1/HHATL | 19.15 | 20.70 | 20.92 | 21.62 | 100.00 | 90.07 | 28.16 | 27.92 |
H. sapiens Gup1/HHATL | 18.45 | 20.45 | 20.20 | 21.14 | 90.07 | 100.00 | 28.33 | 27.86 |
M. musculus Gup2/HHAT | 18.49 | 19.30 | 20.00 | 25.94 | 28.16 | 28.33 | 100.00 | 82.91 |
H. sapiens Gup2/HHAT | 18.77 | 19.80 | 21.07 | 26.58 | 27.92 | 27.86 | 82.91 | 100.00 |
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Lucas, C.; Ferreira, C.; Cazzanelli, G.; Franco-Duarte, R.; Tulha, J. Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications. J. Dev. Biol. 2016, 4, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb4040033
Lucas C, Ferreira C, Cazzanelli G, Franco-Duarte R, Tulha J. Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications. Journal of Developmental Biology. 2016; 4(4):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb4040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucas, Cândida, Célia Ferreira, Giulia Cazzanelli, Ricardo Franco-Duarte, and Joana Tulha. 2016. "Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications" Journal of Developmental Biology 4, no. 4: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb4040033