Fetuin-A Deficiency but Not Pentraxin 3, FGF-21, or Irisin, Predisposes to More Serious COVID-19 Course
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Biochemical and Serological Assays
2.3. Ethical Statements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics and Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Serum of COVID-19 Patients and Control Group
3.2. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of Male and Female COVID-19 Patients
3.3. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients According to BMI and Metabolic Syndrome Presence
3.4. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients Presenting Different Infection Symptoms: Fever, Cough, and Dyspnea
3.5. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients with and without Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms
3.6. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients with and without Liver Injury Based on ALT and GGT Activities
3.7. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients with and without Pneumonia
3.8. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients Requiring and Nonrequiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Hospitalization
3.9. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients with Different Iron and Ferritin Levels
3.10. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients with Different HOMA-IR Values
3.11. Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients Depending on Their Lipid Disorders
3.12. Correlations between Hepatokines Concentrations and Biochemical Parameters Analyzed in the Blood of COVID-19 Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | COVID-19 Patients (n = 70) | Healthy Volunteers (n = 20) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 58.5 (49.0–67.0) | 50.0 (43.0–58.5) | 0.02 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 27.8 (25.6–31.4) | 29.7 (25.3–32.4) | 0.67 |
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 261.3 (96.3–507.0) | 276.3 (228.9–408.6) | 0.90 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2337.7 (1935.1–3211.5) | 2030.9 (1767.4–3499.5) | 0.55 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 243.4 (195.0–275.8) | 333.4 (302.9–371.3) | <0.001 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.39 (3.85–6.69) | 6.54 (5.53–7.83) | 0.06 |
WBC [103/µL] | 5.88 (4.51–6.43) | 6.78 (5.14–7.49) | 0.05 |
RBC [106/µL] | 4.30 (4.07–4.51) | 4.66 (4.51–4.99) | 0.001 |
HCT [%] | 38.2 (36.4–40.5) | 41.5 (39.6–43.4) | 0.002 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.7 (12.3–13.3) | 14.5 (13.2–14.6) | 0.001 |
PLT [103/µL] | 246.5 (202.0–333.0) | 223.5 (197.0–259.0) | 0.17 |
CRP [mg/L] | 5.53 (2.08–18.2) | 0.80 (0.50–1.58) | <0.001 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 210.0 (114.7–487.0) | 16.5 (13.0–19.6) | <0.001 |
ALT [IU/L] | 34.0 (20.0–52.5) | 21.0 (16.0–25.7) | 0.02 |
AST [IU/L] | 25.0 (17.5–43.0) | 24.0 (20.0–26.5) | 0.38 |
GGT [IU/L] | 33.5 (20.0–62.5) | 14.0 (10.7–24.2) | 0.003 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.16 (4.57–8.17) | 7.35 (5.40–9.70) | 0.25 |
Fasting glucose [mmol/L] | 5.27 (4.70–6.01) | 5.50 (4.05–5.73) | 0.59 |
Urea [mmol/L] | 5.39 (4.20–6.21) | 5.67 (5.45–6.94) | 0.16 |
Creatinine [µmol/L] | 66.3 (58.9–87.2) | 85.2 (73.3–95.4) | 0.01 |
Cholesterol [mmol/L] | 4.80 (3.70–5.57) | 5.26 (3.54–6.54) | 0.49 |
Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 1.53 (1.26–1.86) | 1.83 (1.04–2.03) | 0.97 |
HDL [mmol/L] | 1.01 (0.84–1.15) | 1.12 (1.06–1.32) | 0.12 |
LDL [mmol/L] | 2.48 (1.68–3.32) | 2.65 (1.48–4.37) | 0.76 |
INR | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.009 |
Total protein [g/L] | 65.0 (62.0–71.0) | 65.5 (63.0–71.0) | 0.75 |
Albumin [g/L] | 40.0 (34.2–43.0) | 43.0 (40.0–45.0) | 0.02 |
HOMA-IR | 2.42 (1.85–2.85) | 1.66 (0.61–2.67) | 0.13 |
Saturation % | 97 (95–98) | 97 (96–97) | 0.92 |
Parameters | Non-Obese Patients (n = 57) | Obese Patients (n = 13) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 157.6 (62.5–307.7) | 529.9 (379.3–708.3) | 0.001 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2317.8 (1484.0–2983.6) | 2258.4 (2028.7–3126.4) | 0.63 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 240.0 (202.9–270.6) | 265.6 (205.6–321.9) | 0.48 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.66 (4.57–6.74) | 5.31 (3.35–6.69) | 0.61 |
WBC [103/µL] | 5.93 (4.68–6.62) | 6.24 (5.50–7.65) | 0.21 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.9 (12.4–13.2) | 12.3 (11.3–13.8) | 0.21 |
PLT [103/µL] | 283.0 (205.0–338.0) | 253.0 (209.0–303.2) | 0.62 |
CRP [mg/L] | 5.96 (1.54–7.38) | 4.39 (3.10–5.88) | 1.00 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 1.50 (1.50–3.72) | 5.38 (2.79–9.03) | 0.009 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 175.0 (121.2–258.2) | 230.5 (92.6–779.5) | 0.25 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 20.1 (12.8–23.6) | 16.1 (13.2–20.4) | 0.26 |
ALT [IU/L] | 31.0 (15.0–56.0) | 21.0 (19.7–43.0) | 0.78 |
AST [IU/L] | 22.5 (15.0–45.5) | 23.0 (17.2–24.5) | 0.92 |
GGT [IU/L] | 33.0 (15.5–65.5) | 26.0 (20.2–246.5) | 0.50 |
ALP [IU/L] | 64.0 (50.7–75.7) | 57.0 (56.0–69.0) | 1.00 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.09 (3.94–6.92) | 6.80 (5.02–9.48) | 0.17 |
INR | 0.95 (0.93–0.95) | 0.97 (0.92–0.98) | 0.68 |
Albumin [g/L] | 41.0 (37.0–43.0) | 40.0 (33.5–43.2) | 0.43 |
HOMA-IR | 2.24 (1.80–2.65) | 2.01 (1.17–3.54) | 0.93 |
Saturation % | 98 (95–98) | 96 (87.5–97.25) | 0.03 |
Parameters | Patients with Metabolic Syndrome (n = 19) | Patients without Metabolic Syndrome (n = 51) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 408.6 (166.5–585.6) | 187.0 (87.1–416.4) | 0.03 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2375.8 (2112.25–3611.4) | 2313.4 (1868.6–3199.0) | 0.52 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 238.8 (194.3–265.5) | 249.1 (201.8–276.0) | 0.64 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.33 (3.92–7.36) | 5.39 (3.57–6.34) | 0.55 |
WBC [103/µL] | 6.16 (5.48–7.43) | 5.65 (4.33–6.24) | 0.04 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.9 (12.4–13.0) | 12.7 (12.2–13.7) | 0.94 |
PLT [103/µL] | 314.5 (227.0–403.0) | 231.5 (188.0–292.0) | 0.003 |
CRP [mg/L] | 4.39 (2.13–5.78) | 5.88 (1.99–29.8) | 0.31 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 3.42 (1.50–3.98) | 2.89 (1.50–7.56) | 0.79 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 307.0 (98.2–634.5) | 183.5 (123.0–311.0) | 0.17 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 16.4 (11.3–22.7) | 17.4 (11.1–21.7) | 0.93 |
ALT [IU/L] | 43.0 (26.5–81.0) | 32.5 (18.5–52.5) | 0.11 |
AST [IU/L] | 31.0 (20.2–50.0) | 25.0 (17.0–40.2) | 0.33 |
GGT [IU/L] | 34.0 (18.7–65.0) | 32.5 (20.5–63.0) | 0.68 |
ALP [IU/L] | 61.0 (55.2–79.5) | 64.5 (54.0–85.0) | 0.65 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 5.97 (4.32–7.03) | 6.40 (4.70–8.62) | 0.21 |
INR | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.80 |
Albumin [g/L] | 40.0 (34.0–42.0) | 40.0 (34.7–43.2) | 0.44 |
HOMA-IR | 3.59 (2.24–9.41) | 2.16 (1.80–2.65) | 0.007 |
Saturation % | 96.5 (93.5–98) | 97 (96–98) | 0.54 |
Parameters | GGT Activity <50 IU/L (n = 36) | GGT Activity ≥50 IU/L (n = 34) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 163.9 (80.3–538.5) | 275.5 (95.5–504.1) | 0.65 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2272.7 (1876.3–2685.7) | 2875.4 (2126.9–4034.5) | 0.05 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 258.8 (219.9–310.9) | 221.9 (182.1–256.3) | 0.004 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.35 (4.20–5.79) | 5.31 (3.53–7.71) | 0.98 |
WBC [103/µL] | 5.98 (5.10–6.61) | 4.97 (4.16–6.44) | 0.21 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.8 (12.3–13.2) | 12.7 (11.9–13.5) | 0.69 |
PLT [103/µL] | 232.0 (202.2–307.7) | 248.0 (199.7–334.2) | 0.81 |
CRP [mg/l] | 3.17 (1.75–5.60) | 8.07 (3.17–46.8) | 0.003 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 1.60 (1.50–3.63) | 4.79 (1.50–15.1) | 0.07 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 158.0 (98.5–254.5) | 351.0 (181.2–697.2) | 0.002 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 17.4 (12.0–22.0) | 14.3 (8.42–21.4) | 0.16 |
ALT [IU/L] | 25.0 (15.2–50.2) | 43.0 (33.2–64.5) | 0.01 |
AST [IU/L] | 22.0 (15.7–27.7) | 37.0 (24.5–49.5) | 0.001 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.24 (4.33–6.93) | 6.13 (4.44–8.34) | 0.89 |
ALP [IU/L] | 57.0 (50.7–73.5) | 82.0 (64.5–115.2) | <0.001 |
INR | 0.97 (0.92–0.99) | 0.95 (0.92–1.02) | 0.72 |
Albumin [g/L] | 40.0 (37.0–44.2) | 36.5 (33.0–42.0) | 0.01 |
HOMA-IR | 2.12 (1.90–2.60) | 3.51 (2.45–4.55) | 0.009 |
Saturation % | 97 (96–98) | 96 (93–98) | 0.02 |
Parameters | Patients with Pneumonia (n = 23) | Patients without Pneumonia (n = 47) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 278.8 (132.0–485.7) | 190.0 (84.5–557.9) | 0.54 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2824.4 (2165.6–4035.2) | 2278.2 (1816.4–3103.5) | 0.05 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 217.4 (188.2–248.7) | 256.3 (218.8–285.6) | 0.008 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.31 (3.13–7.81) | 5.47 (4.01–6.37) | 0.77 |
WBC [103/µL] | 6.18 (4.76–6.62) | 5.70 (4.48–6.36) | 0.31 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.6 (11.9–13.7) | 12.8 (12.3–13.2) | 0.66 |
PLT [103/µL] | 301.0 (218.5–405.0) | 232.0 (189.7–301.7) | 0.02 |
CRP [mg/L] | 6.32 (4.39–40.0) | 3.75 (1.77–15.0) | 0.04 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 5.68 (1.50–17.4) | 1.50 (1.50–3.69) | 0.006 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 306.0 (197.0–654.0) | 175.0 (91.0–315.0) | 0.008 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 17.5 (9.30–22.0) | 16.4 (11.7–21.2) | 0.79 |
ALT [IU/L] | 31.0 (17.7–45.2) | 37.0 (20.7–58.2) | 0.33 |
AST [IU/L] | 24.0 (17.5–42.0) | 25.5 (18.5–45.5) | 0.69 |
GGT [IU/L] | 64.0 (39.0–185.2) | 33.0 (20.0–60.0) | 0.009 |
ALP [IU/L] | 70.5 (55.0–114.5) | 64.0 (54.0–77.0) | 0.12 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.51 (4.64–8.55) | 6.13 (4.45–7.50) | 0.51 |
INR | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.03 |
Albumin [g/L] | 34.5 (32.0–41.0) | 40.0 (37.0–43.7) | 0.004 |
HOMA-IR | 2.35 (1.55–4.51) | 2.42 (1.85–2.71) | 0.42 |
Saturation % | 94.5 (89–96) | 97 (96–98) | 0.00005 |
Parameters | ICU (n = 9) | Non-ICU (n = 61) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 408.6 (307.7–482.9) | 216.6 (93.4–487.0) | 0.30 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 4768.9 (2896.8–8394.5) | 2278.2 (1876.8–3106.2) | <0.001 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 193.9 (124.8–229.8) | 252.3 (209.3–276.5) | 0.01 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 3.92 (3.04–6.99) | 5.59 (3.96–6.60) | 0.27 |
WBC [103/µL] | 8.53 (6.24–10.9) | 5.70 (4.42–6.42) | 0.003 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 11.3 (10.1–12.6) | 12.8 (12.3–13.5) | 0.01 |
PLT [103/µL] | 403.0 (273.7–461.2) | 232.0 (189.2–308.0) | 0.009 |
CRP [mg/L] | 18.2 (5.81–101.0) | 4.39 (1.98–11.9) | 0.009 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 13.5 (6.46–20.9) | 1.60 (1.50–5.35) | 0.001 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 765.5 (526.0–1235.0) | 208.0 (110.5–381.7) | 0.005 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 14.3 (7.55–18.8) | 17.4 (11.5–21.8) | 0.42 |
ALT [IU/L] | 43.0 (13.2–46.0) | 34.0 (20.7–54.2) | 0.75 |
AST [IU/L] | 31.0 (19.2–47.2) | 25.0 (17.0–43.0) | 0.56 |
GGT [IU/L] | 253.0 (103.2–376.5) | 33.0 (20.0–62.0) | 0.001 |
ALP [IU/L] | 92.0 (58.5–140.2) | 64.0 (54.0–80.2) | 0.10 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.70 (4.89–11.5) | 6.14 (4.59–7.77) | 0.46 |
INR | 1.03 (0.96–1.08) | 0.95 (0.92–1.00) | 0.09 |
Albumin [g/L] | 33.0 (27.5–34.7) | 40.0 (36.0–43.7) | 0.005 |
HOMA-IR | 4.48 (2.93–4.73) | 2.16 (1.83–2.66) | 0.03 |
Saturation % | 92 (80–95,25) | 97 (96–98) | 0.001 |
Parameters | Ferritin ≤250 µg/L (n = 36) | Ferritin >250 µg/L (n = 28) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 133.3 (74.4–316.4) | 375.0 (137.2–589.7) | 0.01 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2246.3 (1699.8–2862.6) | 2981.2 (2214.5–5079.4) | 0.001 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 257.7 (238.3–311.1) | 220.5 (178.5–264.1) | 0.001 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 5.47 (4.19–5.78) | 5.23 (3.34–7.89) | 0.92 |
WBC [103/µL] | 5.70 (4.48–6.68) | 5.73 (4.30–6.03) | 0.27 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.7 (12.3–13.4) | 12.9 (12.4–13.0) | 0.95 |
PLT [103/µL] | 253.0 (214.0–323.7) | 231.0 (186.2–360.0) | 0.43 |
CRP [mg/L] | 2.63 (1.35–5.60) | 6.04 (3.45–36.0) | 0.001 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 1.60 (1.50–3.91) | 5.62 (1.50–16.7) | 0.01 |
Iron [µmol/L] | 17.85 (11.9–21.7) | 14.3 (6.05–22.5) | 0.20 |
ALT [IU/L] | 27.0 (16.2–50.0) | 44.5 (31.0–66.0) | 0.02 |
AST [IU/L] | 20.5 (15.5–28.5) | 36.0 (25.0–51.0) | <0.001 |
GGT [IU/L] | 26.0 (15.0–47.2) | 62.5 (32.0–117.0) | 0.001 |
ALP [IU/L] | 64.0 (54.7–79.0) | 64.0 (55.0–88.0) | 0.89 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.60 (4.48–8.56) | 5.99 (4.77–7.21) | 0.59 |
INR | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.96 (0.92–1.05) | 0.46 |
Albumin [g/L] | 41.7 (38.5–44.2) | 36.0 (32.5–41.0) | 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.94 (1.15–2.37) | 2.82 (2.45–3.73) | <0.001 |
Saturation % | 97 (96–98) | 96 (93–98) | 0.03 |
Parameters | Iron ≤ 16.8 µmol/L (n = 32) | Iron > 16.8 µmol/L (n = 32) | p |
---|---|---|---|
FGF-21 [pg/mL] | 355.0 (128.0–659.6) | 163.9 (94.1–366.0) | 0.09 |
PTX3 [pg/mL] | 2910.7 (2268.3–3683.3) | 2072.3 (1681.6–2324.5) | <0.001 |
Fetuin-A [µg/mL] | 232.1 (179.3–265.6) | 256.4 (220.5–292.2) | 0.04 |
Irisin [ng/mL] | 4.05 (3.14–5.70) | 5.80 (4.76–7.83) | 0.002 |
WBC [103/µL] | 5.48 (4.76–6.06) | 6.01 (4.30–6.68) | 0.62 |
HGB [mg/dL] | 12.7 (12.2–13.1) | 12.8 (12.4–13.9) | 0.31 |
PLT [103/µL] | 227.0 (202.2–265.2) | 290.0 (203.5–347.7) | 0.05 |
CRP [mg/L] | 12.6 (4.21–38.7) | 2.77 (1.21–5.13) | <0.001 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 5.42 (2.62–16.7) | 1.50 (1.50–3.60) | <0.001 |
Ferritin [µg/L] | 267.0 (111.0–526.0) | 175.0 (110.7–258.2) | 0.15 |
ALT [IU/L] | 37.0 (20.5–56.7) | 28.0 (19.2–48.0) | 0.44 |
AST [IU/L] | 25.5 (21.0–41.0) | 23.0 (16.2–44.7) | 0.24 |
GGT [IU/L] | 50.0 (30.5–175.7) | 30.0 (18.7–67.2) | 0.05 |
ALP [IU/L] | 76.0 (56.0–103.2) | 61.0 (54.0–72.0) | 0.02 |
Bilirubin [µmol/L] | 6.00 (4.48–8.97) | 6.32 (4.57–7.86) | 0.74 |
INR | 0.98 (0.91–1.02) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.78 |
Albumin [g/L] | 38.0 (33.2–42.7) | 41.0 (35.0–44.0) | 0.14 |
HOMA-IR | 2.67 (1.68–4.25) | 2.16 (1.90–2.58) | 0.13 |
Saturation % | 97 (95.5–98) | 97 (95.75–98) | 0.80 |
FGF-21 | PTX-3 | Fetuin-A | Irisin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
FGF-21 | - | - | 0.32 | 0.008 | −0.28 | 0.02 | −0.08 | 0.48 |
PTX-3 | 0.32 | 0.008 | - | - | −0.46 | <0.001 | −0.28 | 0.02 |
Fetuin-A | −0.28 | 0.02 | −0.46 | <0.001 | - | - | 0.44 | <0.001 |
Irisin | −0.08 | 0.48 | −0.28 | 0.02 | 0.44 | <0.001 | - | - |
WBC | 0.04 | 0.74 | −0.21 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.13 | 0.32 |
HGB | 0.05 | 0.67 | −0.06 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
PLT | −0.11 | 0.36 | −0.25 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.01 |
CRP | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.52 | <0.001 | −0.45 | <0.001 | −0.41 | 0.002 |
IL-6 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.48 | <0.001 | −0.37 | 0.005 | −0.23 | 0.08 |
Ferritin | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.002 | −0.44 | <0.001 | −0.06 | 0.64 |
Iron | −0.16 | 0.21 | −0.48 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.47 | <0.001 |
ALT | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.002 | 0.98 | −0.06 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.64 |
AST | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.11 | −0.16 | 0.18 | −0.08 | 0.53 |
GGT | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.34 | −0.31 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.28 |
ALP | −0.10 | 0.42 | −0.05 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.77 |
Bilirubin | −0.004 | 0.97 | −0.21 | 0.10 | −0.02 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.85 |
INR | −0.42 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.88 | −0.30 | 0.15 | −0.41 | 0.04 |
Albumin | −0.16 | 0.19 | −0.46 | <0.001 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 0.05 |
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Kukla, M.; Menżyk, T.; Dembiński, M.; Winiarski, M.; Garlicki, A.; Bociąga-Jasik, M.; Skonieczna, M.; Hudy, D.; Maziarz, B.; Kuśnierz-Cabala, B.; et al. Fetuin-A Deficiency but Not Pentraxin 3, FGF-21, or Irisin, Predisposes to More Serious COVID-19 Course. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101422
Kukla M, Menżyk T, Dembiński M, Winiarski M, Garlicki A, Bociąga-Jasik M, Skonieczna M, Hudy D, Maziarz B, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, et al. Fetuin-A Deficiency but Not Pentraxin 3, FGF-21, or Irisin, Predisposes to More Serious COVID-19 Course. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(10):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101422
Chicago/Turabian StyleKukla, Michał, Tomasz Menżyk, Marcin Dembiński, Marek Winiarski, Aleksander Garlicki, Monika Bociąga-Jasik, Magdalena Skonieczna, Dorota Hudy, Barbara Maziarz, Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala, and et al. 2021. "Fetuin-A Deficiency but Not Pentraxin 3, FGF-21, or Irisin, Predisposes to More Serious COVID-19 Course" Biomolecules 11, no. 10: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101422
APA StyleKukla, M., Menżyk, T., Dembiński, M., Winiarski, M., Garlicki, A., Bociąga-Jasik, M., Skonieczna, M., Hudy, D., Maziarz, B., Kuśnierz-Cabala, B., Kapusta, M., Skladany, L., Grgurevic, I., Mikolasevic, I., Filipec-Kanizaj, T., Wójcik-Bugajska, M., Grodzicki, T., Rogula, T., & Stygar, D. (2021). Fetuin-A Deficiency but Not Pentraxin 3, FGF-21, or Irisin, Predisposes to More Serious COVID-19 Course. Biomolecules, 11(10), 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101422