Properties of Fossil Groups of Galaxies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Search for Fossil Systems
2.1. Operational Definitions of Fossil Groups
2.2. Catalogues
3. Theoretical Framework
4. Observational Properties
4.1. Properties of the Halos
4.1.1. Global Scaling Relations
4.1.2. Mass and Entropy Profiles
4.1.3. Cool Cores
4.1.4. Halo Concentration
4.1.5. Metallicity
4.2. Galaxy Population
4.2.1. Central Galaxies: Formation Scenarios
4.2.2. Central Galaxies: Stellar Populations Properties
4.2.3. Luminosity Functions
4.2.4. Galaxy Substructures
4.2.5. Large Scale Environment
5. Past and Future of Fossil Systems Evolution
5.1. Compact and Loose Groups as Progenitors of Fossil Systems
5.2. Transitional Fossil Phase
6. Discussion and Conclusions
6.1. Sample of Genuine Fossil Groups
6.2. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- White, S.D.M.; Rees, M.J. Core condensation in heavy halos: A two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1978, 183, 341–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, S.D.M.; Frenk, C.S. Galaxy Formation through Hierarchical Clustering. Astrophys. J. 1991, 379, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ponman, T.J.; Bertram, D. Hot gas and dark matter in a compact galaxy group. Nature 1993, 363, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ponman, T.J.; Allan, D.J.; Jones, L.R.; Merrifield, M.; McHardy, I.M.; Lehto, H.J.; Luppino, G.A. A possible fossil galaxy group. Nature 1994, 369, 462–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vikhlinin, A.; McNamara, B.R.; Hornstrup, A.; Quintana, H.; Forman, W.; Jones, C.; Way, M. X-Ray Overluminous Elliptical Galaxies: A New Class of Mass Concentrations in the Universe? Astrophys. J. Lett. 1999, 520, L1–L4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Santos, W.A.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Sodré, L., Jr. Fossil Groups in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Astron. J. 2007, 134, 1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- La Barbera, F.; de Carvalho, R.R.; de la Rosa, I.G.; Sorrentino, G.; Gal, R.R.; Kohl-Moreira, J.L. The Nature of Fossil Galaxy Groups: Are They Really Fossils? Astron. J. 2009, 137, 3942–3960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dariush, A.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Ponman, T.J.; Pearce, F.; Raychaudhury, S.; Hartley, W. The mass assembly of fossil groups of galaxies in the Millennium simulation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2007, 382, 433–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jones, L.R.; Ponman, T.J.; Horton, A.; Babul, A.; Ebeling, H.; Burke, D.J. The nature and space density of fossil groups of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2003, 343, 627–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dariush, A.A.; Raychaudhury, S.; Ponman, T.J.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Benson, A.J.; Bower, R.G.; Pearce, F. The mass assembly of galaxy groups and the evolution of the magnitude gap. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2010, 405, 1873–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, M.; Forman, W.; Vikhlinin, A.; Hornstrup, A.; Jones, C.; Murray, S.S. ESO 3060170: A Massive Fossil Galaxy Group with a Heated Gas Core? Astrophys. J. 2004, 612, 805–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khosroshahi, H.G.; Ponman, T.J.; Jones, L.R. The central elliptical galaxy in fossil groups and formation of brightest cluster galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2006, 372, L68–L72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguerri, J.A.L.; Girardi, M.; Boschin, W.; Barrena, R.; Méndez-Abreu, J.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Borgani, S.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Corsini, E.M.; Del Burgo, C.; et al. Fossil groups origins. I. RX J105453.3+552102 a very massive and relaxed system at z 0.5. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 527, A143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harrison, C.D.; Miller, C.J.; Richards, J.W.; Lloyd-Davies, E.J.; Hoyle, B.; Romer, A.K.; Mehrtens, N.; Hilton, M.; Stott, J.P.; Capozzi, D.; et al. The XMM Cluster Survey: The Stellar Mass Assembly of Fossil Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2012, 752, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoshioka, T.; Furuzawa, A.; Takahashi, S.; Tawara, Y.; Sato, S.; Yamashita, K.; Kumai, Y. The dark matter halo structure of “fossil” groups candidates. Adv. Space Res. 2004, 34, 2525–2529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khosroshahi, H.G.; Jones, L.R.; Ponman, T.J. An old galaxy group: Chandra X-ray observations of the nearby fossil group NGC 6482. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2004, 349, 1240–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ulmer, M.P.; Adami, C.; Covone, G.; Durret, F.; Lima Neto, G.B.; Sabirli, K.; Holden, B.; Kron, R.G.; Romer, A.K. Cl 1205+44: A Fossil Group at z = 0.59. Astrophys. J. 2005, 624, 124–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mendes de Oliveira, C.L.; Cypriano, E.S.; Sodré, L., Jr. The Luminosity Function of the Fossil Group RX J1552.2+2013. Astron. J. 2006, 131, 158–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adelman-McCarthy, J.K.; Agüeros, M.A.; Allam, S.S.; Anderson, K.S.J.; Anderson, S.F.; Annis, J.; Bahcall, N.A.; Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; Baldry, I.K.; Barentine, J.C.; et al. Fifth Data Release Sloan Digit. Sky Surv. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2007, 172, 634–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eisenstein, D.J.; Annis, J.; Gunn, J.E.; Szalay, A.S.; Connolly, A.J.; Nichol, R.C.; Bahcall, N.A.; Bernardi, M.; Burles, S.; Castander, F.J.; et al. Spectroscopic Target Selection for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: The Luminous Red Galaxy Sample. Astron. J. 2001, 122, 2267–2280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voges, W.; Aschenbach, B.; Boller, T.; Bräuninger, H.; Briel, U.; Burkert, W.; Dennerl, K.; Englhauser, J.; Gruber, R.; Haberl, F.; et al. The ROSAT all-sky survey bright source catalogue. Astron. Astrophys. 1999, 349, 389–405. [Google Scholar]
- Zarattini, S.; Barrena, R.; Girardi, M.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Boschin, W.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Méndez-Abreu, J.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Catalán-Torrecilla, C.; Corsini, E.M.; et al. Fossil group origins. IV. Characterization of the sample and observational properties of fossil systems. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 565, A116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tavasoli, S.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Koohpaee, A.; Rahmani, H.; Ghanbari, J. A Statistical Study of the Luminosity Gap in Galaxy Groups. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 2011, 123, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Makarov, D.; Karachentsev, I. Galaxy groups and clouds in the local (z∼ 0.01) Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 412, 2498–2520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gozaliasl, G.; Finoguenov, A.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Mirkazemi, M.; Salvato, M.; Jassur, D.M.Z.; Erfanianfar, G.; Popesso, P.; Tanaka, M.; Lerchster, M.; et al. Mining the gap: Evolution of the magnitude gap in X-ray galaxy groups from the 3-square-degree XMM coverage of CFHTLS. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 566, A140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moore, B.; Ghigna, S.; Governato, F.; Lake, G.; Quinn, T.; Stadel, J.; Tozzi, P. Dark Matter Substructure within Galactic Halos. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1999, 524, L19–L22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mateo, M.L. Dwarf Galaxies of the Local Group. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1998, 36, 435–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- D’Onghia, E.; Lake, G. Cold Dark Matter’s Small-Scale Crisis Grows Up. Astrophys. J. 2004, 612, 628–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sommer-Larsen, J. Properties of intra-group stars and galaxies in galaxy groups: ‘normal’ versus ‘fossil’ groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2006, 369, 958–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- D’Onghia, E.; Sommer-Larsen, J.; Romeo, A.D.; Burkert, A.; Pedersen, K.; Portinari, L.; Rasmussen, J. The Formation of Fossil Galaxy Groups in the Hierarchical Universe. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2005, 630, L109–L112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deason, A.J.; Conroy, C.; Wetzel, A.R.; Tinker, J.L. Stellar Mass-gap as a Probe of Halo Assembly History and Concentration: Youth Hidden among Old Fossils. Astrophys. J. 2013, 777, 154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raouf, M.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Ponman, T.J.; Dariush, A.A.; Molaeinezhad, A.; Tavasoli, S. Ultimate age-dating method for galaxy groups; clues from the Millennium Simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 442, 1578–1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhoolideh Haghighi, M.H.; Raouf, M.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Farhang, A.; Gozaliasl, G. On the Reliability of Photometric and Spectroscopic Tracers of Halo Relaxation. Astrophys. J. 2020, 904, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kundert, A.; D’Onghia, E.; Aguerri, J.A.L. Are Fossil Groups Early-forming Galaxy Systems? Astrophys. J. 2017, 845, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raouf, M.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Mamon, G.A.; Croton, D.J.; Hashemizadeh, A.; Dariush, A.A. Merger History of Central Galaxies in Semi-analytic Models of Galaxy Formation. Astrophys. J. 2018, 863, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raouf, M.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Dariush, A. Evolution of Galaxy Groups in the Illustris Simulation. Astrophys. J. 2016, 824, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Benda-Beckmann, A.M.; D’Onghia, E.; Gottlöber, S.; Hoeft, M.; Khalatyan, A.; Klypin, A.; Müller, V. The fossil phase in the life of a galaxy group. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2008, 386, 2345–2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Romeo, A.D.; Kang, X.; Contini, E.; Sommer-Larsen, J.; Fassbender, R.; Napolitano, N.R.; Antonuccio-Delogu, V.; Gavignaud, I. A study on the multicolour evolution of red-sequence galaxy populations: Insights from hydrodynamical simulations and semi-analytical models. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 581, A50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khosroshahi, H.G.; Raouf, M.; Miraghaei, H.; Brough, S.; Croton, D.J.; Driver, S.; Graham, A.; Baldry, I.; Brown, M.; Prescott, M.; et al. Galaxy In addition, Mass Assembly (GAMA): A “No Smoking” Zone for Giant Elliptical Galaxies? Astrophys. J. 2017, 842, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kanagusuku, M.J.; Díaz-Giménez, E.; Zandivarez, A. Fossil groups in the Millennium simulation. From the brightest to the faintest galaxies during the past 8 Gyr. Astron. Astrophys. 2016, 586, A40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rosati, P.; Borgani, S.; Norman, C. The Evolution of X-ray Clusters of Galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2002, 40, 539–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Voit, G.M. Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2005, 77, 207–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ghirardini, V.; Eckert, D.; Ettori, S.; Pointecouteau, E.; Molendi, S.; Gaspari, M.; Rossetti, M.; De Grandi, S.; Roncarelli, M.; Bourdin, H.; et al. Universal thermodynamic properties of the intracluster medium over two decades in radius in the X-COP sample. Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 621, A41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kaiser, N. Evolution and clustering of rich clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1986, 222, 323–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryan, G.L.; Norman, M.L. Statistical Properties of X-Ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons. Astrophys. J. 1998, 495, 80–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frenk, C.S.; White, S.D.M.; Bode, P.; Bond, J.R.; Bryan, G.L.; Cen, R.; Couchman, H.M.P.; Evrard, A.E.; Gnedin, N.; Jenkins, A.; et al. The Santa Barbara Cluster Comparison Project: A Comparison of Cosmological Hydrodynamics Solutions. Astrophys. J. 1999, 525, 554–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khosroshahi, H.G.; Ponman, T.J.; Jones, L.R. Scaling relations in fossil galaxy groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2007, 377, 595–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Voevodkin, A.; Borozdin, K.; Heitmann, K.; Habib, S.; Vikhlinin, A.; Mescheryakov, A.; Hornstrup, A.; Burenin, R. Fossil Systems in the 400d Cluster Catalog. Astrophys. J. 2010, 708, 1376–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Girardi, M.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; De Grandi, S.; D’Onghia, E.; Barrena, R.; Boschin, W.; Mé ndez-Abreu, J.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Zarattini, S.; Biviano, A.; et al. Fossil group origins. III. The relation between optical and X-ray luminosities. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, 565, A115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kundert, A.; Gastaldello, F.; D’Onghia, E.; Girardi, M.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Barrena, R.; Corsini, E.M.; De Grandi, S.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Lozada-Muñoz, M.; et al. Fossil group origins - VI. Global X-ray scaling relations of fossil galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2015, 454, 161–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, E.D.; Rykoff, E.S.; Dupke, R.A.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Lopes de Oliveira, R.; Proctor, R.N.; Garmire, G.P.; Koester, B.P.; McKay, T.A. Finding Fossil Groups: Optical Identification and X-Ray Confirmation. Astrophys. J. 2012, 747, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proctor, R.N.; de Oliveira, C.M.; Dupke, R.; de Oliveira, R.L.; Cypriano, E.S.; Miller, E.D.; Rykoff, E. On the mass-to-light ratios of fossil groups. Are they simply dark clusters? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 418, 2054–2073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khosroshahi, H.G.; Gozaliasl, G.; Rasmussen, J.; Molaeinezhad, A.; Ponman, T.; Dariush, A.A.; Sanderson, A.J.R. Optically selected fossil groups; X-ray observations and galaxy properties. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 443, 318–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navarro, J.F.; Frenk, C.S.; White, S.D.M. A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering. Astrophys. J. 1997, 490, 493–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; White, R.E., III; Miller, E.D. Suzaku Observations of the X-Ray Brightest Fossil Group ESO 3060170. Astrophys. J. 2013, 775, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gastaldello, F.; Buote, D.A.; Humphrey, P.J.; Zappacosta, L.; Bullock, J.S.; Brighenti, F.; Mathews, W.G. Probing the Dark Matter and Gas Fraction in Relaxed Galaxy Groups with X-Ray Observations from Chandra and XMM-Newton. Astrophys. J. 2007, 669, 158–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Démoclès, J.; Pratt, G.W.; Pierini, D.; Arnaud, M.; Zibetti, S.; D’Onghia, E. Testing adiabatic contraction of dark matter in fossil group candidates. Astron. Astrophys. 2010, 517, A52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Humphrey, P.J.; Buote, D.A.; Brighenti, F.; Flohic, H.M.L.G.; Gastaldello, F.; Mathews, W.G. Tracing the Gas to the Virial Radius (R 100) in a Fossil Group. Astrophys. J. 2012, 748, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Su, Y.; Buote, D.; Gastaldello, F.; Brighenti, F. The Entire Virial Radius of the Fossil Cluster RX J1159+5531: I. Gas Properties. Astrophys. J. 2015, 805, 104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lea, S.M.; Silk, J.; Kellogg, E.; Murray, S. Thermal-Bremsstrahlung Interpretation of Cluster X-Ray Sources. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1973, 184, L105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vikhlinin, A.; Markevitch, M.; Murray, S.S.; Jones, C.; Forman, W.; Van Speybroeck, L. Chandra Temperature Profiles for a Sample of Nearby Relaxed Galaxy Clusters. Astrophys. J. 2005, 628, 655–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hudson, D.S.; Mittal, R.; Reiprich, T.H.; Nulsen, P.E.J.; Andernach, H.; Sarazin, C.L. What is a cool-core cluster? a detailed analysis of the cores of the X-ray flux-limited HIFLUGCS cluster sample. Astron. Astrophys. 2010, 513, A37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miraghaei, H.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Klöckner, H.R.; Ponman, T.J.; Jetha, N.N.; Raychaudhury, S. IGM heating in fossil galaxy groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 444, 651–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bharadwaj, V.; Reiprich, T.H.; Sanders, J.S.; Schellenberger, G. Investigating the cores of fossil systems with Chandra. Astron. Astrophys. 2016, 585, A125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolag, K.; Bartelmann, M.; Perrotta, F.; Baccigalupi, C.; Moscardini, L.; Meneghetti, M.; Tormen, G. Numerical study of halo concentrations in dark-energy cosmologies. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 416, 853–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Boni, C.; Ettori, S.; Dolag, K.; Moscardini, L. Hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters in dark energy cosmologies - II. c-M relation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2013, 428, 2921–2938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buote, D.A. The Unusually High Halo Concentration of the Fossil Group NGC 6482: Evidence for Weak Adiabatic Contraction. Astrophys. J. 2017, 834, 164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pratt, G.W.; Pointecouteau, E.; Arnaud, M.; van der Burg, R.F.J. The hot gas content of fossil galaxy clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 2016, 590, L1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vitorelli, A.Z.; Cypriano, E.S.; Makler, M.; Pereira, M.E.S.; Erben, T.; Moraes, B. On mass concentrations and magnitude gaps of galaxy systems in the CS82 survey. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2018, 474, 866–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zarattini, S.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Biviano, A.; Girardi, M.; Corsini, E.M.; D’Onghia, E. Fossil group origins. X. Velocity segregation in fossil systems. Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 631, A16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, Y.T.; Mohr, J.J.; Stanford, S.A. K-Band Properties of Galaxy Clusters and Groups: Luminosity Function, Radial Distribution, and Halo Occupation Number. Astrophys. J. 2004, 610, 745–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van der Burg, R.F.J.; Hoekstra, H.; Muzzin, A.; Sifón, C.; Balogh, M.L.; McGee, S.L. Evidence for the inside-out growth of the stellar mass distribution in galaxy clusters since z ~1. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 577, A19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, K.; Kawaharada, M.; Nakazawa, K.; Matsushita, K.; Ishisaki, Y.; Yamasaki, N.Y.; Ohashi, T. Metallicity of the Fossil Group NGC 1550 Observed with Suzaku. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 2010, 62, 1445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jones, C.; Forman, W. The structure of clusters of galaxies observed with Einstein. Astrophys. J. 1984, 276, 38–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quintana, H.; Lawrie, D.G. On the determination of velocity dispersions for cD clusters of galaxies. Astron. J. 1982, 87, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zabludoff, A.I.; Huchra, J.P.; Geller, M.J. The Kinematics of Abell Clusters. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1990, 74, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oegerle, W.R.; Hill, J.M. Dynamics of cD Clusters of Galaxies. IV. Conclusion of a Survey of 25 Abell Clusters. Astron. J. 2001, 122, 2858–2873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacey, C.; Cole, S. Merger rates in hierarchical models of galaxy formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1993, 262, 627–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Méndez-Abreu, J.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Barrena, R.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Boschin, W.; Castro- Rodriguez, N.; Corsini, E.M.; Del Burgo, C.; D’Onghia, E.; Girardi, M.; et al. Fossil group origins. II. Unveiling the formation of the brightest group galaxies through their scaling relations. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 537, A25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruzual, G.; Charlot, S. Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2003, 344, 1000–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Faber, S.M.; Jackson, R.E. Velocity dispersions and mass-to-light ratios for elliptical galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1976, 204, 668–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernardi, M.; Roche, N.; Shankar, F.; Sheth, R.K. Evidence of major dry mergers at M* > 2 × 1011 M⊙ from curvature in early-type galaxy scaling relations? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 412, L6–L10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pahre, M.A.; Djorgovski, S.G.; de Carvalho, R.R. Near-Infrared Imaging of Early-Type Galaxies. III. The Near-Infrared Fundamental Plane. Astron. J. 1998, 116, 1591–1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rest, A.; van den Bosch, F.C.; Jaffe, W.; Tran, H.; Tsvetanov, Z.; Ford, H.C.; Davies, J.; Schafer, J. WFPC2 Images of the Central Regions of Early-Type Galaxies. I. The Data. Astron. J. 2001, 121, 2431–2482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eigenthaler, P.; Zeilinger, W.W. The properties of fossil groups of galaxies. Astron. Nachrichten 2009, 330, 978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hernquist, L.; Spergel, D.N. Formation of Shells in Major Mergers. Astrophys. J. Lett. 1992, 399, L117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alamo-Martínez, K.A.; West, M.J.; Blakeslee, J.P.; González-Lópezlira, R.A.; Jordán, A.; Gregg, M.; Côté, P.; Drinkwater, M.J.; van den Bergh, S. Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC 6482, NGC 1132, and ESO 306-017. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 546, A15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madrid, J.P. Ultra-compact Dwarfs in the Fossil Group NGC 1132. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 737, L13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Madrid, J.P.; Donzelli, C.J. Gemini Spectroscopy of Ultracompact Dwarfs in the Fossil Group NGC 1132. Astrophys. J. 2013, 770, 158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hess, K.M.; Wilcots, E.M.; Hartwick, V.L. Fresh Activity in Old Systems: Radio AGNs in Fossil Groups of Galaxies. Astron. J. 2012, 144, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mulchaey, J.S.; Zabludoff, A.I. The Isolated Elliptical NGC 1132: Evidence for a Merged Group of Galaxies? Astrophys. J. 1999, 514, 133–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pipino, A.; D’Ercole, A.; Chiappini, C.; Matteucci, F. Abundance gradient slopes versus mass in spheroids: Predictions by monolithic models. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2010, 407, 1347–1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cid Fernandes, R.; Mateus, A.; Sodré, L.; Stasińska, G.; Gomes, J.M. Semi-empirical analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies - I. Spectral synthesis method. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2005, 358, 363–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eigenthaler, P.; Zeilinger, W.W. Age and metallicity gradients in fossil ellipticals. Astron. Astrophys. 2013, 553, A99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Proctor, R.N.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Eigenthaler, P. Spatially resolved stellar population parameters in the BCGs of two fossil groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2014, 439, 2281–2290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trevisan, M.; Mamon, G.A. A finer view of the conditional galaxy luminosity function and magnitude-gap statistics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 471, 2022–2038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Corsini, E.M.; Morelli, L.; Zarattini, S.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Costantin, L.; D’Onghia, E.; Girardi, M.; Kundert, A.; Méndez-Abreu, J.; Thomas, J. Fossil group origins. IX. Probing the formation of fossil galaxy groups with stellar population gradients of their central galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 618, A172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raouf, M.; Smith, R.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Dariush, A.A.; Driver, S.; Ko, J.; Hwang, H.S. The Impact of the Dynamical State of Galaxy Groups on the Stellar Populations of Central Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2019, 887, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pierini, D.; Giodini, S.; Finoguenov, A.; Böhringer, H.; D’Onghia, E.; Pratt, G.W.; Démoclès, J.; Pannella, M.; Zibetti, S.; Braglia, F.G.; et al. Two fossil groups of galaxies at z≈ 0.4 in the Cosmic Evolution Survey: Accelerated stellar-mass build-up, different progenitors. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 417, 2927–2937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raouf, M.; Smith, R.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Sande, J.v.d.; Bryant, J.J.; Cortese, L.; Brough, S.; Croom, S.M.; Hwang, H.S.; Driver, S.; et al. The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Kinematics of Stars and Gas in Brightest Group Galaxies—The Role of Group Dynamics. Astrophys. J. 2021, 908, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koleva, M.; Prugniel, P.; De Rijcke, S.; Zeilinger, W.W. Age and metallicity gradients in early-type galaxies: A dwarf-to-giant sequence. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 417, 1643–1671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schechter, P. An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1976, 203, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popesso, P.; Biviano, A.; Böhringer, H.; Romaniello, M. RASS-SDSS Galaxy cluster survey. IV. A ubiquitous dwarf galaxy population in clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 445, 29–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Blanton, M.R.; Lupton, R.H.; Schlegel, D.J.; Strauss, M.A.; Brinkmann, J.; Fukugita, M.; Loveday, J. The Properties and Luminosity Function of Extremely Low Luminosity Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2005, 631, 208–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguerri, J.A.L.; Girardi, M.; Agulli, I.; Negri, A.; Dalla Vecchia, C.; Domínguez Palmero, L. Deep spectroscopy in nearby galaxy clusters - V. The Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2020, 494, 1681–1692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trentham, N.; Tully, R.B.; Mahdavi, A. Dwarf galaxies in the dynamically evolved NGC 1407 Group. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2006, 369, 1375–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zibetti, S.; Pierini, D.; Pratt, G.W. Are fossil groups a challenge of the cold dark matter paradigm? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2009, 392, 525–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lieder, S.; Mieske, S.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Hilker, M.; Lisker, T.; Tanaka, M. A normal abundance of faint satellites in the fossil group NGC 6482. Astron. Astrophys. 2013, 559, A76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adami, C.; Jouvel, S.; Guennou, L.; Le Brun, V.; Durret, F.; Clement, B.; Clerc, N.; Comerón, S.; Ilbert, O.; Lin, Y.; et al. Comparison of the properties of two fossil groups of galaxies with the normal group NGC 6034 based on multiband imaging and optical spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 540, A105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aguerri, J.A.L.; Longobardi, A.; Zarattini, S.; Kundert, A.; D’Onghia, E.; Domínguez-Palmero, L. Fossil group origins. VIII. RX J075243.6+455653 a transitionary fossil group. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 609, A48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zarattini, S.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Barrena, R.; Boschin, W.; del Burgo, C.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Corsini, E.M.; D’Onghia, E.; Girardi, M.; et al. Fossil group origins. V. The dependence of the luminosity function on the magnitude gap. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 581, A16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zarattini, S.; Girardi, M.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Boschin, W.; Barrena, R.; del Burgo, C.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Corsini, E.M.; D’Onghia, E.; Kundert, A.; et al. Fossil group origins. VII. Galaxy substructures in fossil systems. Astron. Astrophys. 2016, 586, A63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Díaz-Giménez, E.; Zandivarez, A.; Proctor, R.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Abramo, L.R. Fossil groups in the Millennium simulation. Their environment and its evolution. Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 527, A129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adami, C.; Russeil, D.; Durret, F. The isolated fossil group RX J1119.7+2126. Astron. Astrophys. 2007, 467, 459–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burenin, R.A.; Vikhlinin, A.; Hornstrup, A.; Ebeling, H.; Quintana, H.; Mescheryakov, A. The 400 Square Degree ROSAT PSPC Galaxy Cluster Survey: Catalog and Statistical Calibration. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2007, 172, 561–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miles, T.A.; Raychaudhury, S.; Forbes, D.A.; Goudfrooij, P.; Ponman, T.J.; Kozhurina-Platais, V. The Group Evolution Multiwavelength Study (GEMS): Bimodal luminosity functions in galaxy groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2004, 355, 785–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mendes de Oliveira, C.L.; Carrasco, E.R. The Compact Group-Fossil Group Connection: Observations of a Massive Compact Group at z=0.22. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2007, 670, L93–L96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grützbauch, R.; Zeilinger, W.W.; Rampazzo, R.; Held, E.V.; Sulentic, J.W.; Trinchieri, G. Small-scale systems of galaxies. IV. Searching for the faint galaxy population associated with X-ray detected isolated E+S pairs. Astron. Astrophys. 2009, 502, 473–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Johnson, L.E.; Irwin, J.A.; White, R.E., III; Wong, K.W.; Maksym, W.P.; Dupke, R.A.; Miller, E.D.; Carrasco, E.R. Using Strong Gravitational Lensing to Identify Fossil Group Progenitors. Astrophys. J. 2018, 856, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Johnson, L.E.; Irwin, J.A.; White, R.E., III; Wong, K.W.; Dupke, R.A. Chandra and HST Snapshots of Fossil System Progenitors. Astrophys. J. 2018, 869, 170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schirmer, M.; Suyu, S.; Schrabback, T.; Hildebrandt, H.; Erben, T.; Halkola, A. J0454-0309: Evidence of a strong lensing fossil group falling into a poor galaxy cluster. Astron. Astrophys. 2010, 514, A60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tovmassian, H. On the Precursors of Fossil Groups. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. 2010, 46, 61–66. [Google Scholar]
- Tovmassian, H.; Plionis, M.; Torres-Papaqui, J.P. Physical properties of Hickson compact groups and of the loose groups within which they are embedded. Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 456, 839–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Farhang, A.; Khosroshahi, H.G.; Mamon, G.A.; Dariush, A.A.; Raouf, M. Evolution of Compact and Fossil Groups of Galaxies from Semi-analytical Models of Galaxy Formation. Astrophys. J. 2017, 840, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buote, D.A.; Barth, A.J. The Luminous X-Ray Halos of Two Compact Elliptical Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 2018, 854, 143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferré-Mateu, A.; Trujillo, I.; Martín-Navarro, I.; Vazdekis, A.; Mezcua, M.; Balcells, M.; Domínguez, L. Two new confirmed massive relic galaxies: Red nuggets in the present-day Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2017, 467, 1929–1939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irwin, J.A.; Dupke, R.; Carrasco, E.R.; Maksym, W.P.; Johnson, L.; White, R.E., III. The Cheshire Cat Gravitational Lens: The Formation of a Massive Fossil Group. Astrophys. J. 2015, 806, 268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Voevodkin, A.; Miller, C.J.; Borozdin, K.; Heitmann, K.; Habib, S.; Ricker, P.; Nichol, R.C. X-Ray Observations of Optically Selected Giant Elliptical-Dominated Galaxy Groups. Astrophys. J. 2008, 684, 204–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- La Barbera, F.; Paolillo, M.; De Filippis, E.; de Carvalho, R.R. Characterizing the nature of fossil groups with XMM. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2012, 422, 3010–3018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mendes de Oliveira, C.L.; Cypriano, E.S.; Dupke, R.A.; Sodré, L., Jr. An Optical and X-Ray Study of the Fossil Group RX J1340.6+4018. Astron. J. 2009, 138, 502–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, D.W.; Anderson, C.; Burke, D.; Fabbiano, G.; Fruscione, A.; Lauer, J.; McCollough, M.; Morgan, D.; Mossman, A.; O’Sullivan, E.; et al. Disturbed Fossil Group Galaxy NGC 1132. Astrophys. J. 2018, 853, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarattini, S.; Biviano, A.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Girardi, M.; D’Onghia, E. Fossil group origins XI. Galaxy orbits in fossil systems. Astron. Astrophys. 2021, Submitted. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, R.; Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Beasley, M.A.; Candlish, G.N.; Gibson, B.K.; Puzia, T.H.; Janz, J.; Knebe, A.; Aguerri, J.A.L.; Lisker, T.; et al. The sensitivity of harassment to orbit: Mass loss from early-type dwarfs in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2015, 454, 2502–2516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Name | z | Mass [ M] | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RX J1340.6 + 4018 * | 2.3 | / | / | 0.171 | 0.28 | Ponman et al. [4] |
RXJ1119.7 + 2126 | >2.5 | / | 0.061 | / | Jones et al. [9] | |
RXJ1331.5 + 1108 | 2.0 | / | 0.081 | / | Jones et al. [9] | |
RXJ1416.4 + 2315 | 2.4 | / | 0.137 | / | Jones et al. [9] | |
RXJ1552.2 + 2013 ** | 2.3 | / | 0.135 | / | Jones et al. [9] | |
NGC 6482 | 2.06 | / | 0.0131 | Khosroshahi et al. [16] | ||
ESO 3060170 | 2.61 | / | 0.0358 | 1–2 | Sun et al. [11] | |
UGC 842 | 2.99 | / | 0.045 | Voevodkin et al. [128] | ||
AWM 4 | 2.23 | / | / | 0.0317 | Zibetti et al. [107] | |
J0454-0309 | 2.5 | / | † | 0.26 | 0.75–0.90 | Schirmer et al. [121] |
RXC J0216.7-4749 | >2.21 | / | / | 0.064 | Démocles et al. [57] | |
CXGG 095951+0140.8 | 2.10 | / | † | 0.372 | Pierini et al. [99] | |
CXGG 095951 + 0212.6 | 2.32 | / | † | 0.425 | Pierini et al. [99] | |
SDSS J0906+0301 | 3.09 | / | / | 0.1359 | Proctor et al. [52] | |
SDSS J1045+0420 | 2.00 | / | / | 0.1539 | Proctor et al. [52] | |
1RXS J235814.4 + 150524 | >2.0 | / | / | 0.178 | / | Adami et al. [109] |
DMM2008 IV | 2.4 | 3.0 | / | 0.0796 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
WHL J083454.9 + 553421 | 2.4 | 3.0 | / | 0.2412 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
A0963 | 2.2 | 2.7 | / | 0.2056 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
A1068 | 2.3 | 3.1 | / | 0.1381 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
BLOX J1230.6 + 1113.3 ID | 2.1 | 3.5 | / | 0.1169 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
XMMXCS J123338.5 + 374114.9 | 2.6 | 3.2 | / | 0.1023 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
ZwCl 1305.4 + 2941 | 2.6 | 3.1 | / | 0.2406 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
MaxBCG J197.94248 + 22.02702 | 2.1 | 2.7 | / | 0.1715 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
XMMXCS J134825.6 + 580015.8 | 2.0 | 2.6 | / | 0.1274 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
XMMXCS J141657.5 + 231239.2 | 2.8 | 3.1 | / | 0.1159 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
XMMXCS J160129.8 + 083856.3 | 2.4 | 3.1 | / | 0.1875 | / | Harrison et al. [14] |
FG12 | >2.0 | / | / | 0.089 | 0.6 | La Barbera et al. [129] |
FGS02 | >2.21 | >2.28 | 0.23 | 18.7 | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
FGS03 | 2.09 | 2.55 | 0.052 | 0.42 | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
FGS08 | >2.12 | >2.17 | 0.409 | / | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
FGS10 | 2.12 | 2.24 | 0.468 | 8.32 | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
FGS20 | 2.17 | >2.46 | 0.094 | 1.63 | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
FGS28 | >3.28 | >3.68 | 0.032 | / | Zarattini et al. [22] | |
2PIGG 2515 | 3.4 | / | 0.062 | 0.37 | Khosroshahi et al. [53] | |
2PIGG 2868 | 2.5 | / | 0.067 | 0.25 | Khosroshahi et al. [53] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Aguerri, J.A.L.; Zarattini, S. Properties of Fossil Groups of Galaxies. Universe 2021, 7, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7050132
Aguerri JAL, Zarattini S. Properties of Fossil Groups of Galaxies. Universe. 2021; 7(5):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7050132
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguerri, J. Alfonso L., and Stefano Zarattini. 2021. "Properties of Fossil Groups of Galaxies" Universe 7, no. 5: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7050132