Dynamical Black Holes and Accretion-Induced Backreaction

We investigate the evolution of future trapping horizons through the dynamics of the Misner–Sharp mass using ingoing Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates. Our analysis shows that an integral formulation of Hayward’s first law governs much of the evolution of general spherically symmetric spacetimes. To account for the accretion backreaction, we consider a near-horizon approximation, which yields first-order corrections of a Vaidya-dark energy form. We further propose a systematic perturbative scheme to study these effects for an arbitrary background. As an application, we analyze an accreting Reissner–Nordström black hole and demonstrate the horizon shifts produced. Finally, we compute accretion-induced corrections to an extremal configuration. It is shown that momentum influx and energy density produce distinct effects: the former forces the splitting of the extremal horizon, while the latter induces significant displacements in its position, computed up to first-order perturbative corrections. These results highlight how different components of the stress–energy tensor significantly affect horizon geometry, with potential implications for broader areas of research, including black-hole thermodynamics.