The Effect of COVID-19 on the Hospitality Industry: The Implication for Open Innovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Fear of the Economic Crisis and Mental Health
2.2. Non-Employability and Mental Health
2.3. Mediating Role of Perceived Job Insecurity
2.4. Moderating Role of Fear of COVID-19
3. Materials and Method
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
4. Results
5. Discussion
Open Innovation in Hospitality Industry
6. Conclusions
6.1. Implications
6.2. Limitations and Future Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n = 372 |
---|---|
Gender, n (%) | |
Female | 135 (36%) |
Male | 216 (58%) |
Prefer not to say | 21 (6%) |
Marital Status, n (%) | |
Married | 249 (67%) |
Unmarried | 119 (32%) |
Divorced/Widowed | 4 (0.1%) |
Age (years) | |
Mean (SD) | 31.5 (3.60) |
Median | 30 |
Range | 21–47 |
Education, n (%) | |
High School Education | 36 (10%) |
Bachelor Degree | 120 (32%) |
Postgraduate Degree | 187 (50%) |
Professional Level Diploma or Course | 29 (0.8%) |
Job Position, n (%) | |
Managers/Middle Managers | 27 (7%) |
White-Collars | 148 (40%) |
Blue Collars | 197 (53%) |
Job Seniority (years) | |
Mean (SD) | 8.5 (4.20) |
Median | 10.5 |
Range | 0.3 (months)–25 (years) |
Job Status, n (%) | |
Permanent | 175 (47%) |
Fixed-Term Job Contract | 197 (53%) |
Constructs | SFL |
---|---|
Mental Health (MH) | |
α = 0.967; CR = 0.971; AVE = 0.734 | |
MH 1 | 0.835 |
MH 2 | 0.834 |
MH 3 | 0.834 |
MH 4 | 0.849 |
MH 5 | 0.863 |
MH 6 | 0.842 |
MH 7 | 0.810 |
MH 8 | 0.858 |
MH 9 | 0.902 |
MH 10 | 0.875 |
MH 11 | 0.888 |
MH 12 | 0.887 |
Fear of Economic Crisis (FEC) | |
α = 0.906; CR = 0.930; AVE = 0.727 | |
FEC 1 | 0.812 |
FEC 2 | 0.808 |
FEC 3 | 0.880 |
FEC 4 | 0.877 |
FEC 5 | 0.884 |
Non-Employability (NE) | |
α = 0.925; CR = 0.944; AVE = 0.770 | |
NE 1 | 0.828 |
NE 2 | 0.907 |
NE 3 | 0.901 |
NE 4 | 0.899 |
NE 5 | 0.850 |
Perceived Job Insecurity (PJI) | |
α = 0.922; CR = 0.938; AVE = 0.686 | |
PJI 1 | 0.826 |
PJI 2 | 0.767 |
PJI 3 | 0.844 |
PJI 4 | 0.719 |
PJI 5 | 0.856 |
PJI 6 | 0.866 |
PJI 7 | 0.901 |
Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) | |
α = 0.941; CR = 0.952; AVE = 0.740 | |
FCV 1 | 0.886 |
FCV 2 | 0.850 |
FCV 3 | 0.831 |
FCV 4 | 0.841 |
FCV 5 | 0.867 |
FCV 6 | 0.894 |
FCV 7 | 0.851 |
Constructs | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. MH | 4.563 | 0.544 | 0.857 | ||||
2. FEC | 4.156 | 0.764 | 0.450 | 0.853 | |||
3. NE | 4.154 | 0.601 | 0.373 | 0.494 | 0.878 | ||
4. PJI | 4.404 | 0.60 | 0.495 | 0.455 | 0.412 | 0.828 | |
5. FCV | 4.328 | 0.526 | 0.539 | 0.313 | 0.355 | 0.430 | 0.860 |
Hypothesized Path | Coefficients | p Values |
---|---|---|
i. Direct Effect | ||
Fear of Economic Crisis → Perceived Job Insecurity | 0.247 | *** |
Non-Employability → Perceived Job Insecurity | 0.189 | *** |
Fear of Economic Crisis*Fear of COVID-19 → Perceived Job Insecurity | 0.178 | *** |
Non-Employability*Fear of COVID-19 → Perceived Job Insecurity | −0.213 | ns |
Perceived Job Insecurity → Mental Health | 0.225 | *** |
ii. Indirect Effect | ||
Fear of Economic Crisis → Perceived Job Insecurity → Mental Health | 0.055 | ** |
Non-Employability → Perceived Job Insecurity → Mental Health | 0.042 | *** |
iii. Moderating Effect | ||
Fear of Economic Crisis*Fear of COVID-19 → Perceived Job Insecurity → Mental Health | 0.040 | *** |
Non-Employability*Fear of COVID-19 → Perceived Job Insecurity → Mental Health | −0.048 | ns |
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Khan, K.I.; Niazi, A.; Nasir, A.; Hussain, M.; Khan, M.I. The Effect of COVID-19 on the Hospitality Industry: The Implication for Open Innovation. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2021, 7, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010030
Khan KI, Niazi A, Nasir A, Hussain M, Khan MI. The Effect of COVID-19 on the Hospitality Industry: The Implication for Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2021; 7(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010030
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Kanwal Iqbal, Amna Niazi, Adeel Nasir, Mujahid Hussain, and Maryam Iqbal Khan. 2021. "The Effect of COVID-19 on the Hospitality Industry: The Implication for Open Innovation" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010030
APA StyleKhan, K. I., Niazi, A., Nasir, A., Hussain, M., & Khan, M. I. (2021). The Effect of COVID-19 on the Hospitality Industry: The Implication for Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010030