Cutaneous Carotenoid Level Measured by Multiple Spatially Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy Sensors Correlates with Vegetable Intake and Is Increased by Continual Intake of Vegetable Juice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Test Food
2.4. Blood Carotenoid Levels
2.5. CCL Measurement
2.6. Food Questionnaire
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Blood Carotenoid Levels
3.3. Cutaneous Carotenoid Level (CCL)
3.4. Correlation between Blood Carotenoid Levels and CCLs (Cross-Sectional Study)
3.5. Correlation between Blood Carotenoid Concentrations and CCLs (Intervention Study)
3.6. Vegetable Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Cross-Sectional Correlation
4.2. Effect of Vegetable Juice Ingestion on Blood Carotenoid Levels
4.3. Effect of Vegetable Juice Ingestion on CCLs
4.4. Correlation between Increased CCLs and Individual Blood Carotenoid Levels after Vegetable Juice Ingestion
4.5. Comparison with Similar Intervention Studies
4.6. Advantages of Measuring CCLs
4.7. Limitation of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lutein | Zeaxanthin | β-Cryptoxanthin | α-Carotene | β-Carotene | Lycopene | Total Carotenoid | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | cis-Form | trans-Form | |||||||
Day 1 of pre-ingestion Period | 0.197 ± 0.077 | 0.039 ± 0.015 | 0.086 ± 0.048 | 0.161 ± 0.091 | 0.462 ± 0.242 | 0.388 ± 0.131 | 0.253 ± 0.092 | 0.138 ± 0.045 | 1.333 ± 0.383 |
Day 1 of ingestion period 1 | 0.189 ± 0.061 (0.992) | 0.034 ± 0.014 (0.618) | 0.088 ± 0.038 (1.000) | 0.147 ± 0.128 (0.990) | 0.405 ± 0.263 (0.939) | 0.371 ± 0.138 (0.991) | 0.237 ± 0.084 (0.966) | 0.137 ± 0.057 (1.000) | 1.232 ± 0.477 (0.919) |
Week 3 of ingestion period 2 | 0.190 ± 0.064 (1.000) | 0.032 ± 0.015 (0.984) | 0.091 ± 0.042 (1.000) | 0.378 ± 0.161 *** (<0.001) | 0.820 ± 0.393 *** (<0.001) | 0.458 ± 0.156 (0.119) | 0.285 ± 0.094 (0.248) | 0.177 ± 0.068 * (0.045) | 1.968 ± 0.679 *** (<0.001) |
Day 1 of post-ingestion period 2 | 0.207 ± 0.068 (0.746) | 0.038 ± 0.016 (0.757) | 0.096 ± 0.048 (0.993) | 0.480 ± 0.153 *** (<0.001) | 0.946 ± 0.396 *** (<0.001) | 0.487 ± 0.158 * (0.022) | 0.314 ± 0.105 * (0.021) | 0.176 ± 0.062 (0.051) | 2.253 ± 0.587 *** (<0.001) |
Week 3 of post-ingestion period 2 | 0.197 ± 0.063 (0.978) | 0.034 ± 0.017 (0.999) | 0.092 ± 0.051 (0.999) | 0.306 ± 0.109 *** (<0.001) | 0.657 ± 0.322 * (0.016) | 0.452 ± 0.164 (0.168) | 0.311 ± 0.115 * (0.028) | 0.144 ± 0.054 (0.975) | 1.738 ± 0.507 ** (0.001) |
Last day of post-ingestion period 2 | 0.199 ± 0.346 (0.942) | 0.036 ± 0.362 (0.924) | 0.147 ± 0.387 (0.079) | 0.236 ± 0.208 * (0.021) | 0.553 ± 0.333 (0.261) | 0.411 ± 0.227 (0.741) | 0.281 ± 0.243 (0.311) | 0.132 ± 0.308 (0.997) | 1.583 ± 0.384 * (0.042) |
Period | Week | Cutaneous Carotenoid Level |
---|---|---|
Pre-ingestion | 1 | 6.55 ± 0.88 |
2 | 6.69 ± 0.98 | |
3 | 6.62 ± 0.89 | |
4 | 6.64 ± 0.96 | |
Ingestion | 1 | 6.63 ± 1.02 |
2 | 6.71 ± 0.96 | |
3 | 6.91 ± 0.96 | |
4 | 7.16 ± 1.00 | |
Post-ingestion | 1 | 7.34 ± 1.02 |
2 | 7.50 ± 0.93 * | |
3 | 7.46 ± 0.93 * | |
4 | 7.23 ± 0.91 |
Correlation Coefficient | |
---|---|
Lutein | 0.206 |
Zeaxanthin | 0.074 |
β-Cryptoxanthin | 0.080 |
α-Carotene | 0.748 ** |
β-Carotene | 0.793 ** |
Lycopene | 0.065 |
Day 1 of Ingestion Period | Week 3 of Ingestion Period | Day 1 of Post-Ingestion Period | Week 3 of Post-Ingestion Period | Last Day of Post-Ingestion Period | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lutein | 0 | 0.077 | −0.059 | −0.104 | −0.034 |
Zeaxanthin | 0 | −0.064 | −0.277 | −0.242 | −0.109 |
β-Cryptoxanthin | 0 | 0.119 | −0.208 | 0.121 | 0.007 |
α-Carotene | 0 | 0.420 * | 0.521 ** | 0.523 ** | 0.436 * |
β-Carotene | 0 | 0.398 * | 0.46 * | 0.325 | 0.134 |
Lycopene | 0 | 0.001 | −0.017 | −0.129 | −0.189 |
cis-Lycopene | 0 | −0.192 | −0.157 | −0.170 | −0.196 |
trans-Lycopene | 0 | 0.192 | 0.132 | −0.055 | −0.139 |
Pre-Ingestion Period | Post-Ingestion Period | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|
Green and yellow vegetables (g) | 79.5 ± 53.2 | 80.6 ± 39.0 | 1.1 ± 30.2 |
Other vegetables (g) | 139.6 ± 83.7 | 124.0 ± 55.0 | −15.6 ± 55.3 |
Total vegetables (g) | 219.1 ± 132.2 | 204.6 ± 89.8 | −14.5 ± 73.5 |
Meinke’s Study [28] | This Study | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingestion Period (Days) | ||||||
28 Days | 28 Days | |||||
Amount of Carotenoids in Test Food (mg) | ||||||
Lutein | 9 | - | ||||
α-Carotene | - | 6 | ||||
β-Carotene | 3 | 9.8 | ||||
Lycopene | 0.78 | 16 | ||||
Blood Carotenoids Concentration (Mean, µg/mL) | ||||||
Pre | Post | Difference | Pre | Post | Difference | |
β-Carotene | 0.172 | 0.278 | 0.106 | 0.462 | 0.946 | 0.484 |
Total Carotenoids | 0.534 | 0.792 | 0.258 | 1.232 | 2.253 | 1.022 |
cis-Lycopene | 0.0432 | 0.0553 | 0.0121 | 0.237 | 0.314 | 0.077 |
Increased Blood Carotenoid Concentration per Ingested Carotenoids (Mean, µg/mL per mg Ingestion) | ||||||
β-Carotene | 0.0353 | 0.0494 | ||||
Lycopene | 0.0202 | 0.0321 |
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Hayashi, H.; Sato, I.; Suganuma, H. Cutaneous Carotenoid Level Measured by Multiple Spatially Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy Sensors Correlates with Vegetable Intake and Is Increased by Continual Intake of Vegetable Juice. Diseases 2021, 9, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9010004
Hayashi H, Sato I, Suganuma H. Cutaneous Carotenoid Level Measured by Multiple Spatially Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy Sensors Correlates with Vegetable Intake and Is Increased by Continual Intake of Vegetable Juice. Diseases. 2021; 9(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayashi, Hiroki, Ikuo Sato, and Hiroyuki Suganuma. 2021. "Cutaneous Carotenoid Level Measured by Multiple Spatially Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy Sensors Correlates with Vegetable Intake and Is Increased by Continual Intake of Vegetable Juice" Diseases 9, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9010004