Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Cancer Diagnosed—Percent (95% Confidence Interval) | Cancer Not Diagnosed—Percent (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Independent | |||
Obese; High Cholesterol | 20.0 (17.9, 22.0) | 13.9 (13.1, 14.7) | <0.0001 |
Overweight; High Cholesterol | 19.9 (17.9, 21.9) | 11.1 (10.3, 11.8) | |
Underweight; High Cholesterol | 1.1 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | |
Normal weight; High Cholesterol | 14.9 (13.0, 16.8) | 7.3 (6.7, 8.0) | |
Obese; Normal Cholesterol | 11.4 (9.8, 13.0) | 20.3 (19.1, 21.4) | |
Overweight; Normal Cholesterol | 14.2 (12.3, 16.0) | 21.4 (20.4, 22.4) | |
Underweight; Normal Cholesterol | 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | |
Normal weight; Normal Cholesterol | 17.3 (15.4, 19.2) | 24.1 (22.9, 25.4) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 42.7 (40.4, 44.9) | 49.1 (48.5, 49.8) | <0.0001 |
Female | 57.3 (55.1, 59.6) | 50.9 (50.2, 51.5) | |
Age | |||
<30 | 2.0 (1.3, 2.6) | 22.7 (21.8, 23.7) | <0.0001 |
≥30 | 98.0 (97.4, 98.7) | 77.3 (76.3, 78.2) | |
Race | |||
White | 89.6 (88.2, 91.1) | 76.1 (74.4, 77.8) | <0.0001 |
Black | 6.6 (5.5, 7.8) | 13.2 (12.0, 14.4) | |
Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islands | 2.1 (1.4, 2.8) | 7.1 (6.0, 8.2) | |
Other | 1.6 (1.1, 2.1) | 3.6 (3.1, 4.1) | |
Ethnicity | |||
Hispanic | 6.8 (5.6, 8.1) | 18.2 (16.3, 20.1) | <0.0001 |
Not Hispanic | 93.2 (91.9, 94.4) | 81.8 (79.9, 83.7) | |
Education | |||
Up to 12 years | 33.1 (30.8, 35.5) | 40.5 (39.0, 42.1) | <0.0001 |
Over 12 years | 66.9 (64.5, 69.2) | 59.5 (57.9, 61.0) | |
Employment Status | |||
Employed | 41.0 (38.6, 43.3) | 69.2 (68.1, 70.2) | <0.0001 |
Unemployed | 59.0 (56.7, 61.4) | 30.8 (29.8, 31.9) | |
Marital Status | |||
Married | 59.0 (56.8, 61.3) | 50.6 (49.5, 51.8) | <0.0001 |
Other | 41.0 (38.7, 43.2) | 49.4 (48.2, 50.5) | |
Alcohol Consumption | |||
None | 37.1 (34.1, 40.1) | 37.6 (36.0, 39.2) | <0.0001 |
Up to 1 drink/week | 36.6 (33.6, 39.6) | 42.2 (41.1, 43.4) | |
Over 1 drink/week | 26.3 (23.6, 29.0) | 20.1 (18.9, 21.3) | |
Smoking Status | |||
Yes | 10.3 (9.0, 11.7) | 12.6 (11.8, 13.3) | 0.0057 |
No | 89.7 (88.3, 91.0) | 87.4 (86.7, 88.2) | |
Diabetes | |||
Yes | 19.4 (17.6, 21.2) | 10.6 (10.0, 11.1) | <0.0001 |
No | 80.6 (78.8, 82.4) | 89.4 (88.9, 90.0) | |
Cardiovascular Disease | |||
Yes | 64.6 (62.2, 67.1) | 34.3 (33.4, 35.3) | <0.0001 |
No | 35.4 (32.9, 37.8) | 65.7 (64.7, 66.6) |
Factors | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|
Obese; High Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 1.999 (1.676–2.384) | 0.917 (0.734–1.145) |
Overweight; High Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 2.506 (2.107–2.980) | 1.159 (0.933–1.440) |
Underweight; High Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 4.043 (2.243–7.290) | 2.002 (1.032–3.885) |
Normal weight; High Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 2.834 (2.310–3.477) | 1.326 (1.047–1.681) |
Obese; Normal Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 0.787 (0.647–0.957) | 0.681 (0.543–0.853) |
Overweight; Normal Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 0.922 (0.757–1.122) | 0.862 (0.691–1.074) |
Underweight; Normal Cholesterol vs. Ref. | 1.101 (0.637–1.902) | 1.052 (0.541–2.045) |
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Martinović, A.; Axon, D.R. Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases 2024, 12, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12060120
Martinović A, Axon DR. Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases. 2024; 12(6):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12060120
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinović, Anastasija, and David R. Axon. 2024. "Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" Diseases 12, no. 6: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12060120
APA StyleMartinović, A., & Axon, D. R. (2024). Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases, 12(6), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12060120