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Volume 15
Issue 1
10.3390/electronics15010161
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

An Improved FDTD Method Based on Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformations for Plasma-Sheath-Covered Hypersonic Vehicle

by
Bowen Bai
,
Yilin Yang
*,
Boyu Zhao
,
Bailiang Pu
,
Mingyao Xue
,
Xiaoping Li
and
Yanming Liu
School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010161 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 November 2025 / Revised: 5 December 2025 / Accepted: 23 December 2025 / Published: 29 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The atmospheric reentry of hypersonic vehicles generates a plasma sheath enveloping the vehicle surface. This fluid medium moves at velocities distinct from the vehicle body, significantly altering its electromagnetic scattering properties. This paper introduces a Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformation Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, which incorporates a spatially varying velocity field into the computational scheme. The proposed algorithm maintains velocity synchronization in electromagnetic field updates and employs a near-to-far-field transformation for far-zone analysis. We systematically investigate the scattering characteristics of a plasma-sheath-covered hypersonic vehicle across a range of velocities and analyze the effect of velocity on the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) under different polarization conditions.
Keywords: finite difference time domain method; Lorentz transformation; plasma sheath; hypersonic vehicle finite difference time domain method; Lorentz transformation; plasma sheath; hypersonic vehicle

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bai, B.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, B.; Pu, B.; Xue, M.; Li, X.; Liu, Y. An Improved FDTD Method Based on Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformations for Plasma-Sheath-Covered Hypersonic Vehicle. Electronics 2026, 15, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010161

AMA Style

Bai B, Yang Y, Zhao B, Pu B, Xue M, Li X, Liu Y. An Improved FDTD Method Based on Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformations for Plasma-Sheath-Covered Hypersonic Vehicle. Electronics. 2026; 15(1):161. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010161

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bai, Bowen, Yilin Yang, Boyu Zhao, Bailiang Pu, Mingyao Xue, Xiaoping Li, and Yanming Liu. 2026. "An Improved FDTD Method Based on Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformations for Plasma-Sheath-Covered Hypersonic Vehicle" Electronics 15, no. 1: 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010161

APA Style

Bai, B., Yang, Y., Zhao, B., Pu, B., Xue, M., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2026). An Improved FDTD Method Based on Multi-Frame Lorentz Transformations for Plasma-Sheath-Covered Hypersonic Vehicle. Electronics, 15(1), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010161

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