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Volume 14
Issue 19
10.3390/electronics14193908
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

HySecure: FPGA-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum and Classical Cryptography Platform for End-to-End IoT Security

by
Bohao Zhang
1,
Jinfa Hong
1,
Gaoyu Mao
1,
Shiyu Shen
1,
Hao Yang
2,
Guangyan Li
1,
Shengzhe Lyu
3,
Patrick S. Y. Hung
1 and
Ray C. C. Cheung
1,*
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
2
Department of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
3
Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3908; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193908
Submission received: 5 September 2025 / Revised: 26 September 2025 / Accepted: 28 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand into mission-critical and long-lived applications, securing low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) against both classical and quantum threats becomes imperative. Existing NB-IoT security mechanisms terminate at the core network, leaving transmission payloads exposed. This paper proposes HySecure, an FPGA-based hybrid cryptographic platform that integrates both classical elliptic curve and post-quantum schemes to achieve end-to-end (E2E) security for NB-IoT communication. Our architecture, built upon the lightweight RISC-V PULPino platform, incorporates hardware accelerators for X25519, Kyber, Ed25519, and Dilithium. We design a hybrid key establishment protocol combining ECDH and Kyber through HKDF, and a dual-signature scheme using EdDSA and Dilithium to ensure authenticity and integrity during handshake. Cryptographic functions are evaluated on FPGA, achieving a 32.2× to 145.4× speedup. NS-3 simulations under realistic NB-IoT configurations demonstrate acceptable latency and throughput for the proposed hybrid schemes, validating their practicality for secure constrained IoT deployments and communications.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); ECC; post-quantum cryptography; NB-IoT; FPGA Internet of Things (IoT); ECC; post-quantum cryptography; NB-IoT; FPGA

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, B.; Hong, J.; Mao, G.; Shen, S.; Yang, H.; Li, G.; Lyu, S.; Hung, P.S.Y.; Cheung, R.C.C. HySecure: FPGA-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum and Classical Cryptography Platform for End-to-End IoT Security. Electronics 2025, 14, 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193908

AMA Style

Zhang B, Hong J, Mao G, Shen S, Yang H, Li G, Lyu S, Hung PSY, Cheung RCC. HySecure: FPGA-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum and Classical Cryptography Platform for End-to-End IoT Security. Electronics. 2025; 14(19):3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193908

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Bohao, Jinfa Hong, Gaoyu Mao, Shiyu Shen, Hao Yang, Guangyan Li, Shengzhe Lyu, Patrick S. Y. Hung, and Ray C. C. Cheung. 2025. "HySecure: FPGA-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum and Classical Cryptography Platform for End-to-End IoT Security" Electronics 14, no. 19: 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193908

APA Style

Zhang, B., Hong, J., Mao, G., Shen, S., Yang, H., Li, G., Lyu, S., Hung, P. S. Y., & Cheung, R. C. C. (2025). HySecure: FPGA-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum and Classical Cryptography Platform for End-to-End IoT Security. Electronics, 14(19), 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193908

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