Sources and Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Resource Base of Limestone Deposits in Poland and Its Use
- Devonian limestone from the neighborhood of Kielce, in which Fe2O3 content is usually between 0.1–0.3% (e.g., in Trzuskawica and Ostrówka deposits);
- Some varieties of Upper Jurassic limestone, characterized by a very high content of CaCO3 (approaching 99%) and low content of Fe2O3 (below 0.3%, sometimes <0.05%), even though the content of coloring oxides shows considerable variability (e.g., in Bukowa, Chęciny-Wolica, Wierzbica, and Anna two deposits) [1,16].
3.2. The Main Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland
3.2.1. Limestone Sorbents for Flue Gas Desulfurization in the Power Sector
3.2.2. Limestone Flour for the Production of Dry Mortars
3.2.3. Limestone Flour for the Glass Industry
3.2.4. Limestone Flour for the Paper Industry
3.2.5. Other Users
- Agriculture—as the so-called fodder chalk in the animal feed industry and as well as fertilizer (fertilizer chalk, often granulated) to liming of acid soils;
- Road construction—as a filler in the mineral-asphalt masses for road bases and bonding layers;
- Production of roof coverings (tar paper and bituminous shingles)—as a filler;
- Coal mining—for the prevention of coal dust explosions in underground coal mines;
- Environmental protection—for water treatment, waste water neutralization, and sludge hygienization;
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mine | Province | Group of Deposits 1 | Applications 2 | Mining Output (kt) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość | Kujawsko-pomorskie | C | c,a,r,f,g,l | 7855 |
Ostrówka | Świętokrzyskie | L | a,r,g | 5878 |
Górażdże | Opolskie | C, L | c,r,n,l | 535 |
Trzuskawica | Świętokrzyskie | L | a,r,g,f,l | 4002 |
Morawica III-1 | Świętokrzyskie | A | a,r,f,d | 3237 |
Bukowa | Świętokrzyskie | C, L | r,g,f,l | 2585 |
Jaźwica | Świętokrzyskie | A | a,r,f | 2081 |
Czatkowice | Małopolskie | L | r,g,a | 1673 |
Celiny I | Świętokrzyskie | A | a,r | 1308 |
Szymiszów | Opolskie | A | a,r,f | 1018 |
Izbicko II | Opolskie | L | r,f,l | 843 |
Wierzbica | Świętokrzyskie | L | a,r,g | 738 |
Połom | Dolnośląskie | A, L | a,r,g,f,l | 703 |
Tarnów Opolski | Opolskie | L | r,g,f,l | 645 |
Province | Milling Plant/Company | Estimated Total Production Capacity (ktpy) |
---|---|---|
Dolnośląskie | Wojcieszów/Lhoist; Turów/PGE GiEK | <300 |
Kujawsko-pomorskie | MOWAP Wapienno/Lafarge Cement | 400 |
Łódzkie | Bełchatów/PGE GiEK; Raciszyn/WKG; Sławno/Nordkalk | 2000 |
Małopolskie | Czatkowice/KW Czatkowice; Płaza/Kans-Pol | 830 |
Opolskie | Tarnów Opolski/Lhoist; Tarnów Opolski/Labtar | 550 |
Podlaskie | Mielnik/Omya | <10 1 |
Świętokrzyskie | Bukowa/Lhoist; Sitkówka/ZPW Trzuskawica (CRH); Wolica/Nordkalk; Wierzbica/EGM; Piotrowice-Zawichost/Piotrowice II; Połaniec/Enea; Jaworznia/Dewon | 1700 |
Zachodniopomorskie | Szczecin/Nordkalk | 200 |
Total | ca. 5990 |
Power Plant (PP)/ Central Heating Plant (CHP) | Method of Flue Gas Desulfurization | Maximum Demand for Limestone Flour (ktpy) | Real demand for Limestone Flour in 2018 (ktpy) |
---|---|---|---|
PP Bełchatów 1 | Wet limestone | 1600 | 1486 |
PP Opole 1 | Wet limestone | 450 | 70 |
PP Kozienice 1 | Wet limestone | 400 | 185 |
PP Pątnów 1 | Wet limestone | 240 | 125 |
PP Połaniec 1 | Wet limestone | 160 | 130 |
PP Jaworzno III1 | Wet limestone | 135 | 60 |
PP Rybnik 1,3 | Wet limestone, Semidry and dry | 100 | 70 |
Other PPs (Łaziska, Dolna Odra, Ostrołęka, Konin, Turów) | Wet limestone | 260 | 138 |
CHPs (Warszawa-Siekierki, Kraków, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Gdynia) | Wet limestone | 145 | 80 |
PP Turów 1,2 | Fluidized bed | ca. 500 | ca. 400 |
PP Łagisza and Siersza 2,3 | Fluidized bed and semidry | ca. 1000 | ca. 600 |
CHP Bielsko-Biała and Chorzów 2,3 | Fluidized bed and dry | ||
PP Jaworzno II 2 | Fluidized bed | ||
CHP Żerań, Katowice, and Starogard Gdański 2 | Fluidized bed | ||
PP Skawina 3 | Semidry | – | – |
CHP Łódź 4, Poznań Karolin, Zabrze, Głogów, Lublin- Megatem 3 | Semidry | – | – |
CHP Miechowice, Lublin Wrotków, Zgierz 3 | Dry | – | – |
CHP Legnica 3 | Absorption | – | – |
TOTAL | 4990 | 3344 |
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Lewicka, E.; Szlugaj, J.; Burkowicz, A.; Galos, K. Sources and Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland. Resources 2020, 9, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9100118
Lewicka E, Szlugaj J, Burkowicz A, Galos K. Sources and Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland. Resources. 2020; 9(10):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9100118
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewicka, Ewa, Jarosław Szlugaj, Anna Burkowicz, and Krzysztof Galos. 2020. "Sources and Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland" Resources 9, no. 10: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9100118
APA StyleLewicka, E., Szlugaj, J., Burkowicz, A., & Galos, K. (2020). Sources and Markets of Limestone Flour in Poland. Resources, 9(10), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9100118